stats (version 3.6.2)

# StructTS: Fit Structural Time Series

## Description

Fit a structural model for a time series by maximum likelihood.

## Usage

StructTS(x, type = c("level", "trend", "BSM"), init = NULL,
fixed = NULL, optim.control = NULL)

## Arguments

x

a univariate numeric time series. Missing values are allowed.

type

the class of structural model. If omitted, a BSM is used for a time series with frequency(x) > 1, and a local trend model otherwise. Can be abbreviated.

init

initial values of the variance parameters.

fixed

optional numeric vector of the same length as the total number of parameters. If supplied, only NA entries in fixed will be varied. Probably most useful for setting variances to zero.

optim.control

List of control parameters for optim. Method "L-BFGS-B" is used.

## Value

A list of class "StructTS" with components:

coef

the estimated variances of the components.

loglik

the maximized log-likelihood. Note that as all these models are non-stationary this includes a diffuse prior for some observations and hence is not comparable to arima nor different types of structural models.

loglik0

the maximized log-likelihood with the constant used prior to R 3.0.0, for backwards compatibility.

data

the time series x.

residuals

the standardized residuals.

fitted

a multiple time series with one component for the level, slope and seasonal components, estimated contemporaneously (that is at time $$t$$ and not at the end of the series).

call

the matched call.

series

the name of the series x.

code

the convergence code returned by optim.

model, model0

Lists representing the Kalman Filter used in the fitting. See KalmanLike. model0 is the initial state of the filter, model its final state.

xtsp

the tsp attributes of x.

## Details

Structural time series models are (linear Gaussian) state-space models for (univariate) time series based on a decomposition of the series into a number of components. They are specified by a set of error variances, some of which may be zero.

The simplest model is the local level model specified by type = "level". This has an underlying level $$\mu_t$$ which evolves by $$\mu_{t+1} = \mu_t + \xi_t, \qquad \xi_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\xi)$$ The observations are $$x_t = \mu_t + \epsilon_t, \qquad \epsilon_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\epsilon)$$ There are two parameters, $$\sigma^2_\xi$$ and $$\sigma^2_\epsilon$$. It is an ARIMA(0,1,1) model, but with restrictions on the parameter set.

The local linear trend model, type = "trend", has the same measurement equation, but with a time-varying slope in the dynamics for $$\mu_t$$, given by $$\mu_{t+1} = \mu_t + \nu_t + \xi_t, \qquad \xi_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\xi)$$ $$\nu_{t+1} = \nu_t + \zeta_t, \qquad \zeta_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\zeta)$$ with three variance parameters. It is not uncommon to find $$\sigma^2_\zeta = 0$$ (which reduces to the local level model) or $$\sigma^2_\xi = 0$$, which ensures a smooth trend. This is a restricted ARIMA(0,2,2) model.

The basic structural model, type = "BSM", is a local trend model with an additional seasonal component. Thus the measurement equation is $$x_t = \mu_t + \gamma_t + \epsilon_t, \qquad \epsilon_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\epsilon)$$ where $$\gamma_t$$ is a seasonal component with dynamics $$\gamma_{t+1} = -\gamma_t + \cdots + \gamma_{t-s+2} + \omega_t, \qquad \omega_t \sim N(0, \sigma^2_\omega)$$ The boundary case $$\sigma^2_\omega = 0$$ corresponds to a deterministic (but arbitrary) seasonal pattern. (This is sometimes known as the ‘dummy variable’ version of the BSM.)

## References

Brockwell, P. J. & Davis, R. A. (1996). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting. Springer, New York. Sections 8.2 and 8.5.

Durbin, J. and Koopman, S. J. (2001) Time Series Analysis by State Space Methods. Oxford University Press.

Harvey, A. C. (1989) Forecasting, Structural Time Series Models and the Kalman Filter. Cambridge University Press.

Harvey, A. C. (1993) Time Series Models. 2nd Edition, Harvester Wheatsheaf.

KalmanLike, tsSmooth; stl for different kind of (seasonal) decomposition.

## Examples

# NOT RUN {
require(graphics)

trees <- window(treering, start = 0)
(fit <- StructTS(trees, type = "level"))
plot(trees)
lines(fitted(fit), col = "green")
tsdiag(fit)

(fit <- StructTS(log10(UKgas), type = "BSM"))
par(mfrow = c(4, 1)) # to give appropriate aspect ratio for next plot.
plot(log10(UKgas))
plot(cbind(fitted(fit), resids=resid(fit)), main = "UK gas consumption")

## keep some parameters fixed; trace optimizer:
StructTS(log10(UKgas), type = "BSM", fixed = c(0.1,0.001,NA,NA),
optim.control = list(trace = TRUE))
# }