stats (version 3.6.2)

# TDist: The Student t Distribution

## Description

Density, distribution function, quantile function and random generation for the t distribution with df degrees of freedom (and optional non-centrality parameter ncp).

## Usage

dt(x, df, ncp, log = FALSE)
pt(q, df, ncp, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
qt(p, df, ncp, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
rt(n, df, ncp)

## Arguments

x, q

vector of quantiles.

p

vector of probabilities.

n

number of observations. If length(n) > 1, the length is taken to be the number required.

df

degrees of freedom ($$> 0$$, maybe non-integer). df = Inf is allowed.

ncp

non-centrality parameter $$\delta$$; currently except for rt(), only for abs(ncp) <= 37.62. If omitted, use the central t distribution.

log, log.p

logical; if TRUE, probabilities p are given as log(p).

lower.tail

logical; if TRUE (default), probabilities are $$P[X \le x]$$, otherwise, $$P[X > x]$$.

## Value

dt gives the density, pt gives the distribution function, qt gives the quantile function, and rt generates random deviates.

Invalid arguments will result in return value NaN, with a warning.

The length of the result is determined by n for rt, and is the maximum of the lengths of the numerical arguments for the other functions.

The numerical arguments other than n are recycled to the length of the result. Only the first elements of the logical arguments are used.

## Details

The $$t$$ distribution with df $$= \nu$$ degrees of freedom has density $$f(x) = \frac{\Gamma ((\nu+1)/2)}{\sqrt{\pi \nu} \Gamma (\nu/2)} (1 + x^2/\nu)^{-(\nu+1)/2}%$$ for all real $$x$$. It has mean $$0$$ (for $$\nu > 1$$) and variance $$\frac{\nu}{\nu-2}$$ (for $$\nu > 2$$).

The general non-central $$t$$ with parameters $$(\nu, \delta)$$ = (df, ncp) is defined as the distribution of $$T_{\nu}(\delta) := (U + \delta)/\sqrt{V/\nu}$$ where $$U$$ and $$V$$ are independent random variables, $$U \sim {\cal N}(0,1)$$ and $$V \sim \chi^2_\nu$$ (see Chisquare).

The most used applications are power calculations for $$t$$-tests: Let $$T = \frac{\bar{X} - \mu_0}{S/\sqrt{n}}$$ where $$\bar{X}$$ is the mean and $$S$$ the sample standard deviation (sd) of $$X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n$$ which are i.i.d. $${\cal N}(\mu, \sigma^2)$$ Then $$T$$ is distributed as non-central $$t$$ with df$${} = n-1$$ degrees of freedom and non-centrality parameter ncp$${} = (\mu - \mu_0) \sqrt{n}/\sigma$$.

## References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. (Except non-central versions.)

Johnson, N. L., Kotz, S. and Balakrishnan, N. (1995) Continuous Univariate Distributions, volume 2, chapters 28 and 31. Wiley, New York.

Distributions for other standard distributions, including df for the F distribution.

## Examples

Run this code
# NOT RUN {
require(graphics)

1 - pt(1:5, df = 1)
qt(.975, df = c(1:10,20,50,100,1000))

tt <- seq(0, 10, len = 21)
ncp <- seq(0, 6, len = 31)
ptn <- outer(tt, ncp, function(t, d) pt(t, df = 3, ncp = d))
t.tit <- "Non-central t - Probabilities"
image(tt, ncp, ptn, zlim = c(0,1), main = t.tit)
persp(tt, ncp, ptn, zlim = 0:1, r = 2, phi = 20, theta = 200, main = t.tit,
xlab = "t", ylab = "non-centrality parameter",
zlab = "Pr(T <= t)")

plot(function(x) dt(x, df = 3, ncp = 2), -3, 11, ylim = c(0, 0.32),
main = "Non-central t - Density", yaxs = "i")
# }


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