# aov

0th

Percentile

##### Fit an Analysis of Variance Model

Fit an analysis of variance model by a call to lm for each stratum.

Keywords
models, regression
##### Usage
aov(formula, data = NULL, projections = FALSE, qr = TRUE,
contrasts = NULL, …)
##### Arguments
formula

A formula specifying the model.

data

A data frame in which the variables specified in the formula will be found. If missing, the variables are searched for in the standard way.

projections

Logical flag: should the projections be returned?

qr

Logical flag: should the QR decomposition be returned?

contrasts

A list of contrasts to be used for some of the factors in the formula. These are not used for any Error term, and supplying contrasts for factors only in the Error term will give a warning.

Arguments to be passed to lm, such as subset or na.action. See ‘Details’ about weights.

##### Details

This provides a wrapper to lm for fitting linear models to balanced or unbalanced experimental designs.

The main difference from lm is in the way print, summary and so on handle the fit: this is expressed in the traditional language of the analysis of variance rather than that of linear models.

If the formula contains a single Error term, this is used to specify error strata, and appropriate models are fitted within each error stratum.

The formula can specify multiple responses.

Weights can be specified by a weights argument, but should not be used with an Error term, and are incompletely supported (e.g., not by model.tables).

##### Value

An object of class c("aov", "lm") or for multiple responses of class c("maov", "aov", "mlm", "lm") or for multiple error strata of class c("aovlist", "listof"). There are print and summary methods available for these.

##### Note

aov is designed for balanced designs, and the results can be hard to interpret without balance: beware that missing values in the response(s) will likely lose the balance. If there are two or more error strata, the methods used are statistically inefficient without balance, and it may be better to use lme in package nlme.

Balance can be checked with the replications function.

The default ‘contrasts’ in R are not orthogonal contrasts, and aov and its helper functions will work better with such contrasts: see the examples for how to select these.

##### References

Chambers, J. M., Freeny, A and Heiberger, R. M. (1992) Analysis of variance; designed experiments. Chapter 5 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

lm, summary.aov, replications, alias, proj, model.tables, TukeyHSD

##### Aliases
• aov
• print.aov
• print.aovlist
• Error
##### Examples
library(stats) # NOT RUN { ## From Venables and Ripley (2002) p.165. ## Set orthogonal contrasts. op <- options(contrasts = c("contr.helmert", "contr.poly")) ( npk.aov <- aov(yield ~ block + N*P*K, npk) ) # } # NOT RUN { summary(npk.aov) # } # NOT RUN { coefficients(npk.aov) ## to show the effects of re-ordering terms contrast the two fits aov(yield ~ block + N * P + K, npk) aov(terms(yield ~ block + N * P + K, keep.order = TRUE), npk) ## as a test, not particularly sensible statistically npk.aovE <- aov(yield ~ N*P*K + Error(block), npk) npk.aovE ## IGNORE_RDIFF_BEGIN summary(npk.aovE) ## IGNORE_RDIFF_END options(op) # reset to previous # } 
Documentation reproduced from package stats, version 3.6.2, License: Part of R 3.6.2

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