# ks.test

0th

Percentile

##### Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests

Perform a one- or two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Keywords
htest
##### Usage
ks.test(x, y, …,
alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"),
exact = NULL)
##### Arguments
x

a numeric vector of data values.

y

either a numeric vector of data values, or a character string naming a cumulative distribution function or an actual cumulative distribution function such as pnorm. Only continuous CDFs are valid.

parameters of the distribution specified (as a character string) by y.

alternative

indicates the alternative hypothesis and must be one of "two.sided" (default), "less", or "greater". You can specify just the initial letter of the value, but the argument name must be give in full. See ‘Details’ for the meanings of the possible values.

exact

NULL or a logical indicating whether an exact p-value should be computed. See ‘Details’ for the meaning of NULL. Not available in the two-sample case for a one-sided test or if ties are present.

##### Details

If y is numeric, a two-sample test of the null hypothesis that x and y were drawn from the same continuous distribution is performed.

Alternatively, y can be a character string naming a continuous (cumulative) distribution function, or such a function. In this case, a one-sample test is carried out of the null that the distribution function which generated x is distribution y with parameters specified by ….

The presence of ties always generates a warning, since continuous distributions do not generate them. If the ties arose from rounding the tests may be approximately valid, but even modest amounts of rounding can have a significant effect on the calculated statistic.

Missing values are silently omitted from x and (in the two-sample case) y.

The possible values "two.sided", "less" and "greater" of alternative specify the null hypothesis that the true distribution function of x is equal to, not less than or not greater than the hypothesized distribution function (one-sample case) or the distribution function of y (two-sample case), respectively. This is a comparison of cumulative distribution functions, and the test statistic is the maximum difference in value, with the statistic in the "greater" alternative being $D^+ = \max_u [ F_x(u) - F_y(u) ]$. Thus in the two-sample case alternative = "greater" includes distributions for which x is stochastically smaller than y (the CDF of x lies above and hence to the left of that for y), in contrast to t.test or wilcox.test.

Exact p-values are not available for the two-sample case if one-sided or in the presence of ties. If exact = NULL (the default), an exact p-value is computed if the sample size is less than 100 in the one-sample case and there are no ties, and if the product of the sample sizes is less than 10000 in the two-sample case. Otherwise, asymptotic distributions are used whose approximations may be inaccurate in small samples. In the one-sample two-sided case, exact p-values are obtained as described in Marsaglia, Tsang & Wang (2003) (but not using the optional approximation in the right tail, so this can be slow for small p-values). The formula of Birnbaum & Tingey (1951) is used for the one-sample one-sided case.

If a single-sample test is used, the parameters specified in … must be pre-specified and not estimated from the data. There is some more refined distribution theory for the KS test with estimated parameters (see Durbin, 1973), but that is not implemented in ks.test.

##### Value

A list with class "htest" containing the following components:

statistic

the value of the test statistic.

p.value

the p-value of the test.

alternative

a character string describing the alternative hypothesis.

method

a character string indicating what type of test was performed.

data.name

a character string giving the name(s) of the data.

##### References

Z. W. Birnbaum and Fred H. Tingey (1951). One-sided confidence contours for probability distribution functions. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22/4, 592--596. 10.1214/aoms/1177729550.

William J. Conover (1971). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pages 295--301 (one-sample Kolmogorov test), 309--314 (two-sample Smirnov test).

Durbin, J. (1973). Distribution theory for tests based on the sample distribution function. SIAM.

George Marsaglia, Wai Wan Tsang and Jingbo Wang (2003). Evaluating Kolmogorov's distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 8/18. 10.18637/jss.v008.i18.

shapiro.test which performs the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality.
library(stats) # NOT RUN { require(graphics) x <- rnorm(50) y <- runif(30) # Do x and y come from the same distribution? ks.test(x, y) # Does x come from a shifted gamma distribution with shape 3 and rate 2? ks.test(x+2, "pgamma", 3, 2) # two-sided, exact ks.test(x+2, "pgamma", 3, 2, exact = FALSE) ks.test(x+2, "pgamma", 3, 2, alternative = "gr") # test if x is stochastically larger than x2 x2 <- rnorm(50, -1) plot(ecdf(x), xlim = range(c(x, x2))) plot(ecdf(x2), add = TRUE, lty = "dashed") t.test(x, x2, alternative = "g") wilcox.test(x, x2, alternative = "g") ks.test(x, x2, alternative = "l") # }