# step

0th

Percentile

##### Choose a model by AIC in a Stepwise Algorithm

Select a formula-based model by AIC.

Keywords
models
##### Usage
step(object, scope, scale = 0,
direction = c("both", "backward", "forward"),
trace = 1, keep = NULL, steps = 1000, k = 2, …)
##### Arguments
object

an object representing a model of an appropriate class (mainly "lm" and "glm"). This is used as the initial model in the stepwise search.

scope

defines the range of models examined in the stepwise search. This should be either a single formula, or a list containing components upper and lower, both formulae. See the details for how to specify the formulae and how they are used.

scale

used in the definition of the AIC statistic for selecting the models, currently only for lm, aov and glm models. The default value, 0, indicates the scale should be estimated: see extractAIC.

direction

the mode of stepwise search, can be one of "both", "backward", or "forward", with a default of "both". If the scope argument is missing the default for direction is "backward". Values can be abbreviated.

trace

if positive, information is printed during the running of step. Larger values may give more detailed information.

keep

a filter function whose input is a fitted model object and the associated AIC statistic, and whose output is arbitrary. Typically keep will select a subset of the components of the object and return them. The default is not to keep anything.

steps

the maximum number of steps to be considered. The default is 1000 (essentially as many as required). It is typically used to stop the process early.

k

the multiple of the number of degrees of freedom used for the penalty. Only k = 2 gives the genuine AIC: k = log(n) is sometimes referred to as BIC or SBC.

any additional arguments to extractAIC.

##### Details

step uses add1 and drop1 repeatedly; it will work for any method for which they work, and that is determined by having a valid method for extractAIC. When the additive constant can be chosen so that AIC is equal to Mallows' $C_p$, this is done and the tables are labelled appropriately.

The set of models searched is determined by the scope argument. The right-hand-side of its lower component is always included in the model, and right-hand-side of the model is included in the upper component. If scope is a single formula, it specifies the upper component, and the lower model is empty. If scope is missing, the initial model is used as the upper model.

Models specified by scope can be templates to update object as used by update.formula. So using . in a scope formula means ‘what is already there’, with .^2 indicating all interactions of existing terms.

There is a potential problem in using glm fits with a variable scale, as in that case the deviance is not simply related to the maximized log-likelihood. The "glm" method for function extractAIC makes the appropriate adjustment for a gaussian family, but may need to be amended for other cases. (The binomial and poisson families have fixed scale by default and do not correspond to a particular maximum-likelihood problem for variable scale.)

##### Value

the stepwise-selected model is returned, with up to two additional components. There is an "anova" component corresponding to the steps taken in the search, as well as a "keep" component if the keep= argument was supplied in the call. The "Resid. Dev" column of the analysis of deviance table refers to a constant minus twice the maximized log likelihood: it will be a deviance only in cases where a saturated model is well-defined (thus excluding lm, aov and survreg fits, for example).

##### Note

This function differs considerably from the function in S, which uses a number of approximations and does not in general compute the correct AIC.

This is a minimal implementation. Use stepAIC in package MASS for a wider range of object classes.

##### Warning

The model fitting must apply the models to the same dataset. This may be a problem if there are missing values and R's default of na.action = na.omit is used. We suggest you remove the missing values first.

Calls to the function nobs are used to check that the number of observations involved in the fitting process remains unchanged.

##### References

Hastie, T. J. and Pregibon, D. (1992) Generalized linear models. Chapter 6 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. New York: Springer (4th ed).

stepAIC in MASS, add1, drop1
library(stats) # NOT RUN { ## following on from example(lm) utils::example("lm", echo = FALSE) step(lm.D9) summary(lm1 <- lm(Fertility ~ ., data = swiss)) slm1 <- step(lm1) summary(slm1) slm1\$anova # }