survMisc (version 0.5.0)

comp: compare survival curves

Description

compare survival curves

Usage

comp(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'ten':
comp(x, ..., p = 1, q = 1, scores = seq.int(attr(x, "ncg")),
  reCalc = FALSE)

Arguments

x

A tne object

p

$p$ for Fleming-Harrington test

q

$q$ for Fleming-Harrington test

scores

scores for tests for trend

...

Additional arguments (not implemented).

reCalc

Recalcuate the values? If reCalc=FALSE (the default) and the ten object already has the calculated values stored as an attribute, the value of the attribute is returned directly.

Value

• The tne object is given additional attributes. The following are always added:
• lrt
  The log-rank family of tests
• lrw
  The log-rank weights (used in calculating the tests).
• An additional item depends on the number of covariate groups. If this is $=2$:
• sup
  The supremum or Renyi family of tests
• and if this is $>2$:
• tft
  Tests for trend. This is given as a list, with the statistics and the scores used.

Details

The log-rank tests are formed from the following elements, with values for each time where there is at least one event:

• $W_i$, the weights, given below.
• $e_i$, the number of events (per time).
• $\hat{e_i}$, the number ofpredictedevents, given bypredict.
• $COV_i$, the covariance matrix for time$i$, given byCOV.

It is calculated as: $$Q_i = \sum{W_i (e_i - \hat{e}_i)}^T \sum{W_i \hat{COV_i} W_i^{-1}} \sum{W_i (e_i - \hat{e}_i)}$$

If there are $K$ groups, then $K-1$ are selected (arbitrary). Likewise the corresponding variance-covariance matrix is reduced to the appropriate $K-1 \times K-1$ dimensions. $Q$ is distributed as chi-square with $K-1$ degrees of freedom. For $2$ covariate groups, we can use:

• $e_i$the number of events (per time).
• $n_i$the number at risk overall.
• $e1_i$the number of events in group$1$.
• $n1_i$the number at risk in group$1$.

Then: $$Q = \frac{\sum{W_i [e1_i - n1_i (\frac{e_i}{n_i})]} }{ \sqrt{\sum{W_i^2 \frac{n1_i}{n_i} (1 - \frac{n1_i}{n_i}) (\frac{n_i - e_i}{n_i - 1}) e_i }}}$$ Below, for the Fleming-Harrington weights, $\hat{S}(t)$ is the Kaplan-Meier (product-limit) estimator. Note that both $p$ and $q$ need to be $\geq 0$. The weights are given as follows: cll{ $1$ log-rank $n_i$ Gehan-Breslow generalized Wilcoxon $\sqrt{n_i}$ Tarone-Ware $S1_i$ Peto-Peto's modified survival estimate $\bar{S}(t)=\prod{1 - \frac{e_i}{n_i + 1}}$ $S2_i$ modified Peto-Peto (by Andersen) $\tilde{S}(t)=\bar{S} - \frac{n_i}{n_i + 1}$ $FH_i$ Fleming-Harrington The weight at $t_0 = 1$ and thereafter is: $\hat{S}(t_{i-1})^p [1-\hat{S}(t_{i-1})^q]$ } The supremum (Renyi) family of tests are designed to detect differences in survival curves which cross. That is, an early difference in survival in favor of one group is balanced by a later reversal. The same weights as above are used. They are calculated by finding $$Z(t_i) = \sum_{t_k \leq t_i} W(t_k)[e1_k - n1_k\frac{e_k}{n_k}], \quad i=1,2,...,k$$ (which is similar to the numerator used to find $Q$ in the log-rank test for 2 groups above). and it's variance: $$\sigma^2(\tau) = \sum_{t_k \leq \tau} W(t_k)^2 \frac{n1_k n2_k (n_k-e_k) e_k}{n_k^2 (n_k-1)}$$ where $\tau$ is the largest $t$ where both groups have at least one subject at risk. Then calculate: $$Q = \frac{ \sup{|Z(t)|}}{\sigma(\tau)}, \quad t<\tau$$ 0="" when="" the="" null="" hypothesis="" is="" true,="" distribution="" of="" $q$="" approximately="" $$q="" \sim="" \sup{|b(x)|,="" \quad="" \leq="" x="" 1}$$="" and="" for="" a="" standard="" brownian="" motion="" (wiener)="" process:="" $$pr[\sup|b(t)|="">x] = 1 - \frac{4}{\pi} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(- 1)^k}{2k + 1} \exp{\frac{-\pi^2(2k + 1)^2}{8x^2}}$$ Tests for trend are designed to detect ordered differences in survival curves. That is, for at least one group: $$S_1(t) \geq S_2(t) \geq ... \geq S_K(t) \quad t \leq \tau$$ where $\tau$ is the largest $t$ where all groups have at least one subject at risk. The null hypothesis is that $$S_1(t) = S_2(t) = ... = S_K(t) \quad t \leq \tau$$ Scores used to construct the test are typically $s = 1,2,...,K$, but may be given as a vector representing a numeric characteristic of the group. They are calculated by finding: $$Z_j(t_i) = \sum_{t_i \leq \tau} W(t_i)[e_{ji} - n_{ji} \frac{e_i}{n_i}], \quad j=1,2,...,K$$ The test statistic is: $$Z = \frac{ \sum_{j=1}^K s_jZ_j(\tau)}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^K \sum_{g=1}^K s_js_g \sigma_{jg}}}$$ where $\sigma$ is the the appropriate element in the variance-covariance matrix (see COV). If ordering is present, the statistic $Z$ will be greater than the upper $\alpha$-th percentile of a standard normal distribution.

References

Gehan A. A Generalized Wilcoxon Test for Comparing Arbitrarily Singly-Censored Samples. Biometrika 1965 Jun. 52(1/2):203--23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2333825{JSTOR}

Tarone RE, Ware J 1977 On Distribution-Free Tests for Equality of Survival Distributions. Biometrika;64(1):156--60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2335790{JSTOR}

Peto R, Peto J 1972 Asymptotically Efficient Rank Invariant Test Procedures. J Royal Statistical Society 135(2):186--207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2344317{JSTOR}

Fleming TR, Harrington DP, O'Sullivan M 1987 Supremum Versions of the Log-Rank and Generalized Wilcoxon Statistics. J American Statistical Association 82(397):312--20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2289169{JSTOR}

Billingsly P 1999 Convergence of Probability Measures. New York: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470316962{Wiley (paywall)}

Examples

## Two covariate groups
## K&M 2nd ed. Example 7.2, Table 7.2, pp 209--210.
data("kidney", package="KMsurv")
t1 <- ten(Surv(time=time, event=delta) ~ type, data=kidney)
comp(t1, p=c(0, 1, 1, 0.5, 0.5), q=c(1, 0, 1, 0.5, 2))
## see the weights used
attributes(t1)$lrw
## supremum (Renyi) test; two-sided; two covariate groups
## K&M 2nd ed. Example 7.9, pp 223--226.
data("gastric", package="survMisc")
g1 <- ten(Surv(time, event) ~ group, data=gastric)
comp(g1)
## Three covariate groups
## K&M 2nd ed. Example 7.4, pp 212-214.
data("bmt", package="KMsurv")
b1 <- ten(Surv(time=t2, event=d3) ~ group, data=bmt)
comp(b1, p=c(1, 0, 1), q=c(0, 1, 1))
## Tests for trend
## K&M 2nd ed. Example 7.6, pp 217-218.
data("larynx", package="KMsurv")
l1 <- ten(Surv(time, delta) ~ stage, data=larynx)
comp(l1)
attr(l1, "tft")
### see effect of F-H test
data("alloauto", package="KMsurv")
a1 <- ten(Surv(time, delta) ~ type, data=alloauto)
comp(a1, p=c(0, 1), q=c(1, 1))