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terra (version 1.8-70)

Spatial Data Analysis

Description

Methods for spatial data analysis with vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid) data. Methods for vector data include geometric operations such as intersect and buffer. Raster methods include local, focal, global, zonal and geometric operations. The predict and interpolate methods facilitate the use of regression type (interpolation, machine learning) models for spatial prediction, including with satellite remote sensing data. Processing of very large files is supported. See the manual and tutorials on to get started. 'terra' replaces the 'raster' package ('terra' can do more, and it is faster and easier to use).

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Version

Install

install.packages('terra')

Monthly Downloads

152,419

Version

1.8-70

License

GPL (>= 3)

Homepage

https://rspatial.org/

Maintainer

Robert Hijmans

Last Published

September 27th, 2025

Functions in terra (1.8-70)

SpatRaster or SpatVector to data.frame

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector, or SpatExtent objects for equality

Create a text representation of (the skeleton of) an object

Align a SpatExtent

Aggregate raster or vector data

Apply a function to the cells of a SpatRaster

Animate a SpatRaster

Bar plot of a SpatRaster

autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation

Conversion to a SpatVector of lines

Conversion to a SpatVector of points

Conversion to a SpatVector of polygons

Detect boundaries (edges)

Coerce a Spat* object to a list

Estimate values for cell values that are NA by interpolating between layers

Coerce to a "raster" object

Two argument arc-tangent

Area covered by each raster cell

Box plot of SpatRaster data

Create a buffer around vector geometries or raster patches

Combine SpatRaster or SpatVector objects

clamp time series data

Query by clicking on a map

tighten SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset objects

Compare geometries

Concatenate categorical rasters

Get cell numbers

Classify (or reclassify) cell values

Coercion to vector, matrix or array

Combine geometries

Get or set a coordinate reference system

Factors to numeric

Data type of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Replace values with values from another object

Convex, concave, rectangular and circular hulls

Cut out a geographic subset

Dimensions of a SpatRaster or SpatVector and related objects

Get the coordinates of SpatVector geometries or SpatRaster cells

Lagged differences

Compare-methods

Compare and logical methods

Geographic distance

Disaggregate raster cells or vector geometries

Add additional nodes to lines or polygons

Draw a polygon, line, extent, or points

Erase parts of a SpatVector object

Get the expanse (area) of individual polygons or for all (summed) raster cells

depth of SpatRaster layers

deprecated methods

Subdivide a raster or polygons

flowAccumulation

Flow accumulation

Flip or reverse a raster

extract values along lines

Extract values for a range of layers from a SpatRaster

Extract values from a SpatRaster

Make a dot-density map

Focal function across two layers

Three-dimensional focal values

force counter-clockwise polygons

Create, get or set a SpatExtent

Compute focal values with an iterating C++ function

Get focal values

Focal weights matrix

global statistics

Focal regression

SpatRaster image method

head and tail of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Geometry type of a SpatVector

Categorical rasters

Impose the geometry of a SpatRaster to those in a SpatRasterCollection.

GDAL version, supported file formats, and cache size

Get the geometry (coordinates) of a SpatVector

Check if a SpatExtent or SpatVector is empty

Is a SpatRaster is flipped

Spatial interpolation

Fill time gaps in a SpatRaster

Create a graticule

add a grid to a map made with terra

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent objects for equality

Nearest neighbor interpolation

ifelse for SpatRasters

Remove holes from polygons

Check for longitude/latitude crs

Interpolate points using a moving window

Correlation and (weighted) covariance

Check for rotation

Apply a function to layers of a SpatRaster, or sub-datasets of a SpatRasterDataset

Make an inset map

Memory available and needed

Merge SpatRasters, or merge a SpatVector with a data.frame

Add halo-ed text to a plot

color palettes for mapping

Change values in-place

Distance on a grid

Initialize a SpatRaster with values

Find gaps between polygons

Frequency table

Make a VRT header file

mosaic SpatRasters

Add points, lines, or polygons to a map

Mask values in a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Set or get metadata

add a custom legend

Get or compute the minimum and maximum cell values

Get the coordinates of the extent of a map

Check or fix polygon or extent validity

Names of Spat* objects

Value matching for SpatRasters

General mathematical methods

Raster value types

Make tiles or get their extents

Pit Finder in a Flow Dir SpatRaster for Watershed Extraction

Linear units of the coordinate reference system

Perspective plot

merge SpatRasters by timelines to create a single timeseries

Number of segments

Perimeter or length

Detect patches (clumps) of cells

Query a SpatVectorProxy object

nearby geometries

normalize.longitude

normalize vector data that crosses the dateline

Fill layers with a range

Plot with leaflet

Rasterize points with a moving window

SpatRaster PCA with prcomp

Cell level regression

Spatial relationships between geometries

Find and remove geometries that are NA

Pairs plot (matrix of scatterplots)

Change the coordinate reference system

Rasterize vector data

Rasterize geometric properties of vector data

Spatial model predictions

Red-Green-Blue plot of a multi-layered SpatRaster

Plot a SpatExtent

Quantiles of spatial data

Combine row, column, and layer numbers

Rolling (moving) functions

Rotate data along longitude

Scale (gain) and offset

Replace layers or variables

Take a regular sample

Transfer values of a SpatRaster to another one with a different geometry

SpatRaster PCA with princomp

Replace values of a SpatRaster

Plot a graticule

Create a SpatRaster

Create a SpatRasterDataset

Rectify a SpatRaster

Sort a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Read from, or write to, file

simplifyGeom geometries

row/col sums and means for SpatRaster

spin a SpatVector

Scale values linearly

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Compare coordinate reference systems

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Data sources of a SpatRaster

Apply a terra function that takes only a single layer and returns a SpatRaster to all layers of a SpatRaster

Split a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Create a SpatRasterCollection

Scatterplot of two SpatRaster layers

saveRDS and serialize for SpatVector and SpatRaster*

Spatial selection

Compute surface area from elevation data

Extract values from a SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent

Replicate layers

Description of the methods in the terra package

Symmetrical difference

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Replace with $<-

terrain characteristics

Select the values of a range of layers, as specified by cell values in another SpatRaster

Set the values of raster cells or of geometry attributes

Add labels to a map

select cells with high or low values

Catchment delineation

filenames of VRT tiles

Vector topology methods

units of SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataSet

variable and long variable names

Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangles

Trim a SpatRaster

replace cell values

Virtual Raster Dataset

Which cells are TRUE?

Create SpatVector objects

Apply a function to subsets of layers of a SpatRaster

Weighted mean of layers

Write raster data to a file

Compute a viewshed

time of SpatRaster layers

Apply a function to the cells of two SpatRasters

Union SpatVector or SpatExtent objects

Create a SpatVectorCollection

wrap and unwrap

Temporary files

Where are the cells with the min or max values?

Zoom in on a map

Get or set single values of an extent

List or remove layers from a vector file

Read all cell values into memory

Coordinates from a row, column or cell number and vice versa

Change values in a file

Write SpatVector data to a file

Cell values and geometry attributes

SpatRaster wrap with caching options

Zonal statistics

SpatVector geometric properties

Write raster data to a NetCDF file

Active category

Adjacent cells or polygons

Set the NA flag

SpatVector-class

Class "SpatVector"

SpatRaster-class

SpatRaster class

Layers representing colors

SpatExtent-class

Class "SpatExtent"

Add (in place) a SpatRaster to another SpatRaster or to a SpatRasterDataset or SpatRasterCollection

Number of immediate adjacent cells flowing into each cell