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terra (version 1.8-80)

Spatial Data Analysis

Description

Methods for spatial data analysis with vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid) data. Methods for vector data include geometric operations such as intersect and buffer. Raster methods include local, focal, global, zonal and geometric operations. The predict and interpolate methods facilitate the use of regression type (interpolation, machine learning) models for spatial prediction, including with satellite remote sensing data. Processing of very large files is supported. See the manual and tutorials on to get started. 'terra' replaces the 'raster' package ('terra' can do more, and it is faster and easier to use).

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Version

Install

install.packages('terra')

Monthly Downloads

228,887

Version

1.8-80

License

GPL (>= 3)

Homepage

https://rspatial.org/

Maintainer

Robert Hijmans

Last Published

November 5th, 2025

Functions in terra (1.8-80)

Animate a SpatRaster

Adjacent cells or polygons

Estimate values for cell values that are NA by interpolating between layers

Create a text representation of (the skeleton of) an object

Align a SpatExtent

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector, or SpatExtent objects for equality

Apply a function to the cells of a SpatRaster

Aggregate raster or vector data

Two argument arc-tangent

Conversion to a SpatVector of points

Conversion to a SpatVector of polygons

Conversion to a SpatVector of lines

autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation

Coerce a Spat* object to a list

Bar plot of a SpatRaster

Get cell numbers

Detect boundaries (edges)

SpatRaster or SpatVector to data.frame

Coerce to a "raster" object

Area covered by each raster cell

Combine SpatRaster or SpatVector objects

Box plot of SpatRaster data

Create a buffer around vector geometries or raster patches

Factors to numeric

Compare geometries

Query by clicking on a map

clamp time series data

Classify (or reclassify) cell values

tighten SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset objects

Coercion to vector, matrix or array

Combine geometries

Compare-methods

Compare and logical methods

Get or set a coordinate reference system

Replace values with values from another object

Data type of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

deprecated methods

Get the coordinates of SpatVector geometries or SpatRaster cells

Add additional nodes to lines or polygons

Dimensions of a SpatRaster or SpatVector and related objects

Cut out a geographic subset

Disaggregate raster cells or vector geometries

Concatenate categorical rasters

depth of SpatRaster layers

Convex, concave, rectangular and circular hulls

Lagged differences

Make a dot-density map

Create, get or set a SpatExtent

Draw a polygon, line, extent, or points

Geographic distance

Get the expanse (area) of individual polygons or for all (summed) raster cells

Subdivide a raster or polygons

Erase parts of a SpatVector object

Extract values from a SpatRaster

flowAccumulation

Flow accumulation

Flip or reverse a raster

Remove holes from polygons

Fill time gaps in a SpatRaster

Categorical rasters

Extract values for a range of layers from a SpatRaster

Three-dimensional focal values

Compute focal values with an iterating C++ function

extract values along lines

Focal regression

Focal weights matrix

Get the geometry (coordinates) of a SpatVector

GDAL version, supported file formats, and cache size

Add halo-ed text to a plot

Find gaps between polygons

Geometry type of a SpatVector

Frequency table

Distance on a grid

Focal function across two layers

ifelse for SpatRasters

force counter-clockwise polygons

add a grid to a map made with terra

Get focal values

Initialize a SpatRaster with values

Change values in-place

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent objects for equality

global statistics

SpatRaster image method

Impose the geometry of a SpatRaster to those in a SpatRasterCollection.

head and tail of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Create a graticule

Check if a SpatExtent or SpatVector is empty

Interpolate points using a moving window

Nearest neighbor interpolation

Raster value types

Make an inset map

Spatial interpolation

Correlation and (weighted) covariance

Linear units of the coordinate reference system

add a custom legend

Apply a function to layers of a SpatRaster, or sub-datasets of a SpatRasterDataset

Check for rotation

Add points, lines, or polygons to a map

Check for longitude/latitude crs

Check or fix polygon or extent validity

Is a SpatRaster is flipped

Get the coordinates of the extent of a map

Make tiles or get their extents

merge SpatRasters by timelines to create a single timeseries

Mask values in a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Make a VRT header file

Merge SpatRasters, or merge a SpatVector with a data.frame

color palettes for mapping

Memory available and needed

Value matching for SpatRasters

General mathematical methods

Find and remove geometries that are NA

Set or get metadata

mosaic SpatRasters

Get or compute the minimum and maximum cell values

normalize.longitude

normalize vector data that crosses the dateline

Names of Spat* objects

nearby geometries

Pairs plot (matrix of scatterplots)

Number of segments

Perspective plot

Detect patches (clumps) of cells

Perimeter or length

Pit Finder in a Flow Dir SpatRaster for Watershed Extraction

Plot with leaflet

Plot a SpatExtent

Quantiles of spatial data

Change the coordinate reference system

SpatRaster PCA with prcomp

Query a SpatVectorProxy object

SpatRaster PCA with princomp

Spatial model predictions

Red-Green-Blue plot of a multi-layered SpatRaster

Plot a graticule

Rectify a SpatRaster

Fill layers with a range

Combine row, column, and layer numbers

Rasterize geometric properties of vector data

Rasterize vector data

Rasterize points with a moving window

Read from, or write to, file

Cell level regression

Create a SpatRaster

row/col sums and means for SpatRaster

Rolling (moving) functions

Replace with $<-

Replace values of a SpatRaster

Transfer values of a SpatRaster to another one with a different geometry

Spatial relationships between geometries

Replace layers or variables

Rotate data along longitude

Replicate layers

Compare coordinate reference systems

Scale values linearly

Take a regular sample

Apply a terra function that takes only a single layer and returns a SpatRaster to all layers of a SpatRaster

Create a SpatRasterDataset

Scale (gain) and offset

Scatterplot of two SpatRaster layers

Spatial selection

select cells with high or low values

simplifyGeom geometries

Set the values of raster cells or of geometry attributes

Select the values of a range of layers, as specified by cell values in another SpatRaster

saveRDS and serialize for SpatVector and SpatRaster*

spin a SpatVector

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Sort a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Extract values from a SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Split a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Data sources of a SpatRaster

Create a SpatRasterCollection

Create a SpatVectorCollection

replace cell values

terrain characteristics

Compute surface area from elevation data

Description of the methods in the terra package

Apply a function to subsets of layers of a SpatRaster

time of SpatRaster layers

Add labels to a map

Vector topology methods

Read all cell values into memory

Symmetrical difference

Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangles

Trim a SpatRaster

Temporary files

List or remove layers from a vector file

Union SpatVector or SpatExtent objects

variable and long variable names

Create SpatVector objects

units of SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataSet

Change values in a file

Compute a viewshed

Weighted mean of layers

Cell values and geometry attributes

Virtual Raster Dataset

Catchment delineation

filenames of VRT tiles

Which cells are TRUE?

Where are the cells with the min or max values?

SpatVector geometric properties

wrap and unwrap

SpatRaster wrap with caching options

Write raster data to a file

Write raster data to a NetCDF file

Coordinates from a row, column or cell number and vice versa

Zoom in on a map

Zonal statistics

Get or set single values of an extent

Write SpatVector data to a file

Apply a function to the cells of two SpatRasters

Active category

Number of immediate adjacent cells flowing into each cell

Set the NA flag

Layers representing colors

SpatExtent-class

Class "SpatExtent"

SpatVector-class

Class "SpatVector"

add vertical and/or horizontal lines to a map made with terra

SpatRaster-class

SpatRaster class

Add (in place) a SpatRaster to another SpatRaster or to a SpatRasterDataset or SpatRasterCollection