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terra (version 1.9-46)

Spatial Data Analysis

Description

Methods for spatial data analysis with vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid) data. Methods for vector data include geometric operations such as intersect and buffer. Raster methods include local, focal, global, zonal and geometric operations. The predict and interpolate methods facilitate the use of regression type (interpolation, machine learning) models for spatial prediction, including with satellite remote sensing data. Processing of very large files is supported. See the manual and tutorials on to get started.

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Version

Install

install.packages('terra')

Monthly Downloads

254,102

Version

1.9-46

License

GPL (>= 3)

Homepage

https://rspatial.org/

Maintainer

Robert Hijmans

Last Published

August 22nd, 2026

Functions in terra (1.9-46)

Two argument arc-tangent

Add directional arrows from a SpatRaster to a plot

Conversion to a SpatVector of points

Conversion to a SpatVector of lines

autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation

Create a text representation of (the skeleton of) an object

Conversion to a SpatVector of polygons

Coerce to a "raster" object

SpatRaster or SpatVector to data.frame

Coerce a Spat* object to a list

Create a buffer around vector geometries or raster patches

Combine SpatRaster or SpatVector objects

Area covered by each raster cell

Factors to numeric

Bar plot of a SpatRaster

Coercion to vector, matrix or array

Box plot of SpatRaster data

tighten SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset objects

Classify (or reclassify) cell values

Detect boundaries (edges)

Get cell numbers

Cut out a geographic subset

Compare geometries

Concatenate categorical rasters

Replace values with values from another object

Convex, concave, rectangular and circular hulls

Compare-methods

Compare and logical methods

clamp time series data

Query by clicking on a map

Make a SpatRaster method memory-safe

Combine geometries

deprecated methods

Add additional nodes to lines or polygons

Get the coordinates of SpatVector geometries or SpatRaster cells

Data type of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Get or set a coordinate reference system

depth of SpatRaster layers

Lagged differences

Subdivide a raster or polygons

Disaggregate raster cells or vector geometries

Get the expanse (area) of individual polygons or for all (summed) raster cells

Make a dot-density map

Dimensions of a SpatRaster or SpatVector and related objects

Geographic distance

Draw a polygon, line, extent, or points

Erase parts of a SpatVector object

flowAccumulation

Flow accumulation

Remove or extract holes from polygons, or fill holes in raster data

Flip or reverse a raster

Fill time gaps in a SpatRaster

Categorical rasters

extract values along lines

Extract values from a SpatRaster or polygon SpatVector

Create, get or set a SpatExtent

Extract values for a range of layers from a SpatRaster

Focal function across two layers

force counter-clockwise polygons

Path-Based Nondisperive Flow Direction

Focal weights matrix

Frequency table

Three-dimensional focal values

Focal regression

Get focal values

Compute focal values with an iterating C++ function

Get the geometry (coordinates) of a SpatVector

Add halo-ed text to a plot

GDAL version, supported file formats, cache size, and PROJ coordinate transformation control

Distance on a grid

Distance to the furthest location on a geometry

Create a graticule

Find gaps between polygons

add a grid to a map made with terra

Geometry type of a SpatVector

global statistics

ifelse for SpatRasters

Geolocation arrays and GCPs

Impose the geometry of a SpatRaster to those in a SpatRasterCollection.

Does a SpatVector have Z coordinates?

head and tail of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent objects for equality

Change values in-place

Initialize a SpatRaster with values

SpatRaster image method

Check for longitude/latitude crs

Nearest neighbor interpolation

Make an inset map

Check for rotation

Raster value types

Check if a SpatExtent or SpatVector is empty

Is a SpatRaster flipped?

Interpolate points using a moving window

Spatial interpolation

Linear units of the coordinate reference system

Apply a function to layers of a SpatRaster, or sub-datasets of a SpatRasterDataset

Correlation and (weighted) covariance

Make tiles or get their extents

Check or fix polygon or extent validity

Create a RGB SpatRaster

add a custom legend

Add points, lines, or polygons to a map

Add a continuous legend

merge SpatRasters by timelines to create a single timeseries

color palettes for mapping

Merge SpatRasters, or merge a SpatVector with a data.frame

Value matching for SpatRasters

Mask values in a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Make a VRT header file

General mathematical methods

Memory available and needed

Get the coordinates of the extent of a map

nearby geometries

Names of Spat* objects

Find and remove geometries that are NA

Build a SpatNetwork

Get or compute the minimum and maximum cell values

Set or get metadata

mosaic SpatRasters

normalize.longitude

normalize vector data that crosses the dateline

Pairs plot (matrix of scatterplots)

Number of segments

Perimeter or length

Perspective plot

Find pits (depressions with no outlet)

Detect patches (clumps) of cells

Spatial model predictions

SpatRaster PCA with prcomp

SpatRaster PCA with princomp

Red-Green-Blue plot of a multi-layered SpatRaster

Plot with leaflet

Plot a graticule

Change the coordinate reference system

Find CRS transformation pipelines

Plot a SpatExtent

Quantiles of spatial data

Rasterize vector data

Combine row, column, and layer numbers

Query a SpatVectorProxy object

Read from, or write to, file

Fill layers with a range

Rasterize points with a moving window

Rasterize geometric properties of vector data

Create a SpatRaster

Rectify a SpatRaster

Replicate layers

Spatial relationships between geometries

Cell level regression

Rotate data along longitude

Rolling (moving) functions

Scale (gain) and offset

Replace layers or variables

Transfer values of a SpatRaster to another one with a different geometry

Apply a terra function that takes only a single layer and returns a SpatRaster to all layers of a SpatRaster

row/col sums and means for SpatRaster

Replace with $<-

Scatterplot of two SpatRaster layers

Replace values of a SpatRaster

Spatial selection

Scale values linearly

Compare coordinate reference systems

Select the values of a range of layers, as specified by cell values in another SpatRaster

select cells with high or low values

saveRDS and serialize for SpatVector and SpatRaster*

Set the values of raster cells or of geometry attributes

Take a regular sample

Create a SpatRasterDataset

spin a SpatVector

Snap points to the edge of lines or polygons

Sort a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Split a SpatRaster or SpatVector

simplifyGeom geometries

Shortest paths on a SpatNetwork

Data sources of a SpatRaster

Create a SpatRasterCollection

Extract values from a SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Compute surface area from elevation data

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

replace cell values

Create a SpatVectorCollection

Symmetrical difference

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

terrain characteristics

time of SpatRaster layers

Apply a function to subsets of layers of a SpatRaster

Parallelize a SpatRaster function

Add labels to a map

Subset geometries by minimum distance

Create a tessellation

Description of the methods in the terra package

Trim a SpatRaster

units of SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset

Read all cell values into memory

Union SpatVector or SpatExtent objects

Weighted mean of layers

Compute warp resampling scale

Compute a viewshed

Vector topology methods

Update a raster file

Temporary files

List or remove layers from a vector file

Cell values and geometry attributes

filenames of VRT tiles

Catchment delineation

Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangles

variable and long variable names

Virtual Raster Dataset

Create SpatVector objects

Write raster data to a file

Which cells are TRUE?

SpatRaster wrap with caching options

Write a SpatNetwork to disk

SpatVector geometric properties

Where are the cells with the min or max values?

Get or set single values of an extent

Zoom in on a map

Write SpatVector data to a file

Write raster data to a NetCDF file

wrap and unwrap

Apply a function to the cells of two SpatRasters

Zonal statistics

Coordinates from a row, column or cell number and vice versa

Layers representing colors

Number of immediate adjacent cells flowing into each cell

add a margin text

SpatVector-class

Class "SpatVector"

Set the NA flag

add vertical and/or horizontal lines to a map made with terra

SpatExtent-class

Class "SpatExtent"

Add (in place) a SpatRaster to another SpatRaster or to a SpatRasterDataset or SpatRasterCollection

Active category

SpatRaster-class

SpatRaster class

Align a SpatExtent

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector, or SpatExtent objects for equality

Aggregate raster or vector data

Add noise to (jitter) a SpatVector of points

Apply a function to the cells of a SpatRaster

Adjacent cells or polygons

Estimate values for cell values that are NA by interpolating between layers

Describe a multi-dimensional array file