0th

Percentile

##### Augmented Dickey--Fuller Test

Computes the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for the null that x has a unit root.

Keywords
ts
##### Usage
adf.test(x, alternative = c("stationary", "explosive"),
k = trunc((length(x)-1)^(1/3)))
##### Arguments
x
a numeric vector or time series.
alternative
indicates the alternative hypothesis and must be one of "stationary" (default) or "explosive". You can specify just the initial letter.
k
the lag order to calculate the test statistic.
##### Details

The general regression equation which incorporates a constant and a linear trend is used and the t-statistic for a first order autoregressive coefficient equals one is computed. The number of lags used in the regression is k. The default value of trunc((length(x)-1)^(1/3)) corresponds to the suggested upper bound on the rate at which the number of lags, k, should be made to grow with the sample size for the general ARMA(p,q) setup. Note that for k equals zero the standard Dickey-Fuller test is computed. The p-values are interpolated from Table 4.2, p. 103 of Banerjee et al. (1993). If the computed statistic is outside the table of critical values, then a warning message is generated. Missing values are not allowed.

##### Value

• A list with class "htest" containing the following components:
• statisticthe value of the test statistic.
• parameterthe lag order.
• p.valuethe p-value of the test.
• methoda character string indicating what type of test was performed.
• data.namea character string giving the name of the data.
• alternativea character string describing the alternative hypothesis.

##### References

A. Banerjee, J. J. Dolado, J. W. Galbraith, and D. F. Hendry (1993): Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press, Oxford. S. E. Said and D. A. Dickey (1984): Testing for Unit Roots in Autoregressive-Moving Average Models of Unknown Order. Biometrika 71, 599--607.

pp.test

##### Aliases
x <- rnorm(1000)  # no unit-root
adf.test(y)