tseries (version 0.7-4)

bootstrap: Generate Bootstrap Data and Statistics

Description

Generates nb bootstrap samples from the original data x and computes the bootstrap estimate of standard error and bias for statistic, if statistic is given.

Usage

bootstrap (x, nb = 1, statistic = NULL, b = NULL, type =
           c("stationary","block"), ...)
print (obj, digits = max(3,.Options$digits-3), ...)

Arguments

x

a numeric vector or time series.

nb

the number of bootstrap series to compute.

statistic

a function which when applied to a time series returns a vector containing the statistic(s) of interest.

b

if type is "stationary", then b is the mean block length. If type is "block", then b is the fixed block length.

type

the type of bootstrap to generate the simulated time series. The possible input values are "stationary" (stationary bootstrap with mean block length b) and "block" (moving blocks bootstrap with block leng

object

a list with class "resample.statistic".

digits

the number of digits to format real numbers.

...

either additional arguments for statistic which are passed unchanged each time statistic is called (bootstrap), or additional arguments for print (print.resample.statistic).

Value

• If statistic is NULL, then it returns a matrix or time series with nb columns and length(x) rows containing the bootstrap data. Each column contains one bootstrap sample.

  If statistic is given, then a list of class "resample.statistic" with the following elements is returned:

• statistic
  the results of applying statistic to each of the simulated time series.
• orig.statistic
  the results of applying statistic to the original series.
• bias
  the bias of the statistics computed as in a bootstrap setup.
• se
  the standard error of the statistics computed as in a bootstrap setup.
• call
  the original call of bootstrap.

Details

If type is "stationary", then the stationary bootstrap scheme with mean block length b generates the simulated series. If type is "block", then the moving blocks bootstrap with block length b generates the simulated series.

For consistency, the (mean) block length b should grow with n as const * n^(1/3), where n is the number of observations in x. Note, that in general const depends on intricate properties of the process x. The default value for const has been determined by a Monte Carlo simulation using a Gaussian AR(1) (AR(1)-parameter of 0.5, 500 observations) process for x. It is chosen such that the mean square error for the bootstrap estimate of the variance of the empirical mean is minimized.

Missing values are not allowed.

References

H. R. Kuensch (1989): The Jackknife and the Bootstrap for General Stationary Observations. The Annals of Statistics 17, 1217-1241.

D. N. Politis and J. P. Romano (1994): The Stationary Bootstrap. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89, 1303-1313.

See Also

sample, surrogate

Examples

n <- 500  # Generate AR(1) process
e <- rnorm (n)  
x <- double (n)
x[1] <- rnorm (1)
for (i in 2:n)
{
  x[i] <- 0.5*x[i-1]+e[i]
}
x <- ts(x)

theta <- function (x)  # Autocorrelations up to lag 10
  return (acf(x, plot=FALSE)$acf[2:11])

bootstrap (x, nb=50, statistic=theta)