virtualspecies (version 1.6)

generateSpFromPCA: Generate a virtual species distribution with a PCA of environmental variables

Description

This functions generates a virtual species distribution by computing a PCA among environmental variables, and simulating the response of the species along the two first axes of the PCA. The response to axes of the PCA is determined with gaussian functions.

Usage

generateSpFromPCA(
  raster.stack,
  rescale = TRUE,
  niche.breadth = "any",
  axes = c(1, 2),
  means = NULL,
  sds = NULL,
  pca = NULL,
  sample.points = FALSE,
  nb.points = 10000,
  plot = TRUE
)

Value

a list with 3 elements:

• approach: the approach used to generate the species, i.e., "pca"

• details: the details and parameters used to generate the species

• suitab.raster: the virtual species distribution, as a SpatRaster object containing the environmental suitability

The structure of the virtualspecies object can be seen using str()

Arguments

raster.stack

a SpatRaster object, in which each layer represent an environmental variable.

rescale

TRUE or FALSE. Should the output suitability raster be rescaled between 0 and 1?

niche.breadth

"any", "narrow" or "wide". This parameter defines how tolerant is the species regarding environmental conditions by adjusting the standard deviations of the gaussian functions. See details.

axes

a vector of values. Which axes would you like to keep in your PCA? At least 2 axes should be included (Only 1 axis currently not supported)

means

a vector containing as many numeric values as axes. Will be used to define the means of the gaussian response functions to the axes of the PCA.

sds

a vector containing as many numeric values as axes. Will be used to define the standard deviations of the gaussian response functions to the axes of the PCA.

pca

a dudi.pca object. You can provide a pca object that you computed yourself with dudi.pca

sample.points

TRUE of FALSE. If you have a large raster file then use this parameter to sample a number of points equal to nb.points.

nb.points

a numeric value. Only useful if sample.points = TRUE. The number of sampled points from the raster, to perform the PCA. A too small value may not be representative of the environmental conditions in your raster.

plot

TRUE or FALSE. If TRUE, the generated virtual species will be plotted.

Author

Boris Leroy

with help from C. N. Meynard, C. Bellard & F. Courchamp

Details

Online tutorial for this function

This function proceeds in 3 steps:

1. A PCA of environmental conditions is generated

2. Gaussian responses to the first two axes are computed

3. These responses are multiplied to obtain the final environmental suitability

If rescale = TRUE, the final environmental suitability is rescaled between 0 and 1, with the formula (val - min) / (max - min).

The shape of gaussian responses can be randomly generated by the function or defined manually by choosing means and sds. The random generation is constrained by the argument niche.breadth, which controls the range of possible standard deviation values. This range of values is based on a fraction of the axis:

• "any": the standard deviations can have values from 1% to 50% of axes' ranges. For example if the first axis of the PCA ranges from -5 to +5, then sd values along this axis can range from 0.1 to 5.

• "narrow": the standard deviations are limited between 1% and 10% of axes' ranges. For example if the first axis of the PCA ranges from -5 to +5, then sd values along this axis can range from 0.1 to 1.

• "wide": the standard deviations are limited between 10% and 50% of axes' ranges. For example if the first axis of the PCA ranges from -5 to +5, then sd values along this axis can range from 1 to 5.

See Also

generateSpFromFun to generate a virtual species with the responses to each environmental variables.

Examples

# Create an example stack with four environmental variables
a <- matrix(rep(dnorm(1:100, 50, sd = 25)), 
            nrow = 100, ncol = 100, byrow = TRUE)
env <- c(rast(a * dnorm(1:100, 50, sd = 25)),
             rast(a * 1:100),
             rast(a * logisticFun(1:100, alpha = 10, beta = 70)),
             rast(t(a)))
names(env) <- c("var1", "var2", "var3", "var4")
plot(env) # Illustration of the variables





# Generating a species with the PCA

generateSpFromPCA(raster.stack = env)

# The top part of the plot shows the PCA and the response functions along
# the two axes.
# The bottom part shows the probabilities of occurrence of the virtual
# species.





# Defining manually the response to axes

generateSpFromPCA(raster.stack = env,
           means = c(-2, 0),
           sds = c(0.6, 1.5))
           
# This species can be seen as occupying intermediate altitude ranges of a
# conic mountain.


# Beyond the first two axes
generateSpFromPCA(raster.stack = env,
                  axes = c(1, 3))
                  
sp <- generateSpFromPCA(raster.stack = env,
                  axes = 1:3)
plotResponse(sp, axes = c(1, 2))
plotResponse(sp, axes = c(1, 3))
plotResponse(sp, axes = c(2, 3))