nlme (version 3.1-31)

lme: Linear Mixed-Effects Models

Description

This generic function fits a linear mixed-effects model in the formulation described in Laird and Ware (1982) but allowing for nested random effects. The within-group errors are allowed to be correlated and/or have unequal variances.

Usage

lme(fixed, data, random, correlation, weights, subset, method,
    na.action, control)
## S3 method for class 'lme':
update(object, fixed, data, random, correlation, weights,
      subset, method, na.action, control, \dots)

Value

an object of class lme representing the linear mixed-effects model fit. Generic functions such as print, plot and summary have methods to show the results of the fit. See lmeObject for the components of the fit. The functions resid, coef, fitted, fixed.effects, and random.effects can be used to extract some of its components.

References

The computational methods are described in Bates, D.M. and Pinheiro (1998) and follow on the general framework of Lindstrom, M.J. and Bates, D.M. (1988). The model formulation is described in Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (1982). The variance-covariance parametrizations are described in correlation argument are described in Box, G.E.P., Jenkins, G.M., and Reinsel G.C. (1994), Littel, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. (1996), and Venables, W.N. and Ripley, B.D. (1997). The use of variance functions for linear and nonlinear mixed effects models is presented in detail in Davidian, M. and Giltinan, D.M. (1995).

Bates, D.M. and Pinheiro, J.C. (1998) "Computational methods for multilevel models" available in PostScript or PDF formats at http://franz.stat.wisc.edu/pub/NLME/ Box, G.E.P., Jenkins, G.M., and Reinsel G.C. (1994) "Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control", 3rd Edition, Holden-Day.

Davidian, M. and Giltinan, D.M. (1995) "Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models for Repeated Measurement Data", Chapman and Hall.

Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (1982) "Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data", Biometrics, 38, 963-974.

Lindstrom, M.J. and Bates, D.M. (1988) "Newton-Raphson and EM Algorithms for Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated-Measures Data", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1014-1022.

Littel, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. (1996) "SAS Systems for Mixed Models", SAS Institute.

Pinheiro, J.C. and Bates., D.M. (1996) "Unconstrained Parametrizations for Variance-Covariance Matrices", Statistics and Computing, 6, 289-296.

Venables, W.N. and Ripley, B.D. (1997) "Modern Applied Statistics with S-plus", 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag.

See Also

lmeControl, lme.lmList, lme.groupedData, lmeObject, lmList, reStruct, reStruct, varFunc, pdClasses, corClasses, varClasses

Examples

data(Orthodont)
fm1 <- lme(distance ~ age, data = Orthodont) # random is ~ age
fm2 <- lme(distance ~ age + Sex, data = Orthodont, random = ~ 1)
summary(fm1)
summary(fm2)