# bsignal

0th

Percentile

##### Base-learners for Functional Covariates

Base-learners that fit effects of functional covariates.

Keywords
models
##### Usage
bsignal(x, s, index = NULL, inS = c("smooth", "linear", "constant"),
knots = 10, boundary.knots = NULL, degree = 3, differences = 1,
df = 4, lambda = NULL, center = FALSE, cyclic = FALSE, Z = NULL,
penalty = c("ps", "pss"), check.ident = FALSE)bconcurrent(x, s, time, index = NULL, knots = 10, boundary.knots = NULL,
degree = 3, differences = 1, df = 4, lambda = NULL, cyclic = FALSE)bhist(x, s, time, index = NULL, limits = "s<=t", standard="c("no"," "time",="" "length"),="" intfun="integrationWeightsLeft," ins="c("smooth"," "linear",="" "constant"),="" intime="c("smooth"," knots="10," boundary.knots="NULL," degree="3," differences="1," df="4," lambda="NULL," penalty="c("ps"," "pss"),="" check.ident="FALSE)bfpc(x, s, index = NULL, df = 4, lambda = NULL, penalty = c("identity",
"inverse", "no"), pve = 0.99, npc = NULL, npc.max = 15,
getEigen = TRUE)
##### Arguments
x

matrix of functional variable x(s). The functional covariate has to be supplied as n by <no. of evaluations> matrix, i.e., each row is one functional observation.

s

vector for the index of the functional variable x(s) giving the measurement points of the functional covariate.

index

a vector of integers for expanding the covariate in x For example, bsignal(X, s, index = index) is equal to bsignal(X[index,], s), where index is an integer of length greater or equal to NROW(x).

inS

the functional effect can be smooth, linear or constant in s, which is the index of the functional covariates x(s).

knots

either the number of knots or a vector of the positions of the interior knots (for more details see bbs).

boundary.knots

boundary points at which to anchor the B-spline basis (default the range of the data). A vector (of length 2) for the lower and the upper boundary knot can be specified.

degree

degree of the regression spline.

differences

a non-negative integer, typically 1, 2 or 3. Defaults to 1. If differences = k, k-th-order differences are used as a penalty (0-th order differences specify a ridge penalty).

df

trace of the hat matrix for the base-learner defining the base-learner complexity. Low values of df correspond to a large amount of smoothing and thus to "weaker" base-learners.

lambda

smoothing parameter of the penalty, computed from df when df is specified.

center

See bbs. The effect is re-parameterized such that the unpenalized part of the fit is subtracted and only the penalized effect is fitted, using a spectral decomposition of the penalty matrix. The unpenalized, parametric part has then to be included in separate base-learners using bsignal(..., inS = 'constant') or bsignal(..., inS = 'linear') for first (difference = 1) and second (difference = 2) order difference penalty respectively. See the help on the argument center of bbs.

cyclic

if cyclic = TRUE the fitted coefficient function coincides at the boundaries (useful for cyclic covariates such as day time etc.).

Z

a transformation matrix for the design-matrix over the index of the covariate. Z can be calculated as the transformation matrix for a sum-to-zero constraint in the case that all trajectories have the same mean (then a shift in the coefficient function is not identifiable).

penalty

for bsignal, by default, penalty = "ps", the difference penalty for P-splines is used, for penalty = "pss" the penalty matrix is transformed to have full rank, so called shrinkage approach by Marra and Wood (2011). For bfpc the penalty can be either "identity" for a ridge penalty (the default) or "inverse" to use the matrix with the inverse eigenvalues on the diagonal as penalty matrix or "no" for no penalty.

check.ident

use checks for identifiability of the effect, based on Scheipl and Greven (2016) for linear functional effect using bsignal and based on Brockhaus et al. (2017) for historical effects using bhist

time

vector for the index of the functional response y(time) giving the measurement points of the functional response.

limits

defaults to "s<=t" for an historical effect with s<=t; either one of "s<t" or "s<=t" for [l(t), u(t)] = [T1, t]; otherwise specify limits as a function for integration limits [l(t), u(t)]: function that takes $s$ as the first and t as the second argument and returns TRUE for combinations of values (s,t) if $s$ falls into the integration range for the given $t$.

standard

the historical effect can be standardized with a factor. "no" means no standardization, "time" standardizes with the current value of time and "length" standardizes with the length of the integral

intFun

specify the function that is used to compute integration weights in s over the functional covariate $x(s)$

inTime

the historical effect can be smooth, linear or constant in time, which is the index of the functional response y(time).

pve

proportion of variance explained by the first K functional principal components (FPCs): used to choose the number of functional principal components (FPCs).

npc

prespecified value for the number K of FPCs (if given, this overrides pve).

npc.max

maximal number K of FPCs to use; defaults to 15.

getEigen

save the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, defaults to TRUE.

##### Details

bsignal() implements a base-learner for functional covariates to estimate an effect of the form $\int x_i(s)\beta(s)ds$. Defaults to a cubic B-spline basis with first difference penalties for $\beta(s)$ and numerical integration over the entire range by using trapezoidal Riemann weights. If bsignal() is used within FDboost(), the base-learner of timeformula is attached, resulting in an effect varying over the index of the response $\int x_i(s)\beta(s, t)ds$ if timeformula = bbs(t). The functional variable must be observed on one common grid s.

bconcurrent() implements a concurrent effect for a functional covariate on a functional response, i.e., an effect of the form $x_i(t)\beta(t)$ for a functional response $Y_i(t)$ and concurrently observed covariate $x_i(t)$. bconcurrent() can only be used if $Y(t)$ and $x(s)$ are observed over the same domain $s,t \in [T1, T2]$.

bhist() implements a base-learner for functional covariates with flexible integration limits l(t), r(t) and the possibility to standardize the effect by 1/t or the length of the integration interval. The effect is $stand * \int_{l(t)}^{r_{t}} x(s)\beta(t,s)ds$, where $stand$ is the chosen standardization which defaults to 1. The base-learner defaults to a historical effect of the form $\int_{T1}^{t} x_i(s)\beta(t,s)ds$, where $T1$ is the minimal index of $t$ of the response $Y(t)$. The functional covariate must be observed on one common grid s. See Brockhaus et al. (2017) for details on historical effects.

bfpc() is a base-learner for a linear effect of functional covariates based on functional principal component analysis (FPCA). For the functional linear effect $\int x_i(s)\beta(s)ds$ the functional covariate and the coefficient function are both represented by a FPC basis. The functional covariate $x(s)$ is decomposed into $x(s) \approx \sum_{k=1}^K \xi_{ik} \Phi_k(s)$ using fpca.sc for the truncated Karhunen-Loeve decomposition. Then $\beta(s)$ is represented in the function space spanned by $\Phi_k(s)$, k=1,...,K, see Scheipl et al. (2015) for details. As penalty matrix, the identity matrix is used. The implementation is similar to ffpc.

It is recommended to use centered functional covariates with $\sum_i x_i(s) = 0$ for all $s$ in bsignal()-, bhist()- and bconcurrent()-terms. For centered covariates, the effects are centered per time-point of the response. If all effects are centered, the functional intercept can be interpreted as the global mean function.

The base-learners for functional covariates cannot deal with any missing values in the covariates.

##### Value

Equally to the base-learners of package mboost:

An object of class blg (base-learner generator) with a dpp() function (dpp, data pre-processing).

The call of dpp() returns an object of class bl (base-learner) with a fit() function. The call to fit() finally returns an object of class bm (base-model).

##### References

Brockhaus, S., Scheipl, F., Hothorn, T. and Greven, S. (2015): The functional linear array model. Statistical Modelling, 15(3), 279-300.

Brockhaus, S., Melcher, M., Leisch, F. and Greven, S. (2017): Boosting flexible functional regression models with a high number of functional historical effects, Statistics and Computing, 27(4), 913-926.

Marra, G. and Wood, S.N. (2011): Practical variable selection for generalized additive models. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 55, 2372-2387.

Scheipl, F., Staicu, A.-M. and Greven, S. (2015): Functional Additive Mixed Models, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 24(2), 477-501.

Scheipl, F. and Greven, S. (2016): Identifiability in penalized function-on-function regression models. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 10(1), 495-526.

FDboost for the model fit.

• bsignal
• bconcurrent
• bhist
• bfpc
• bconcurrent
• bhist
• bfpc
##### Examples
# NOT RUN {
######## Example for scalar-on-function-regression with bsignal()
data("fuelSubset", package = "FDboost")

## center the functional covariates per observed wavelength
fuelSubset$UVVIS <- scale(fuelSubset$UVVIS, scale = FALSE)
fuelSubset$NIR <- scale(fuelSubset$NIR, scale = FALSE)

## to make mboost:::df2lambda() happy (all design matrix entries < 10)
## reduce range of argvals to [0,1] to get smaller integration weights
fuelSubset$uvvis.lambda <- with(fuelSubset, (uvvis.lambda - min(uvvis.lambda)) / (max(uvvis.lambda) - min(uvvis.lambda) )) fuelSubset$nir.lambda <- with(fuelSubset, (nir.lambda - min(nir.lambda)) /
(max(nir.lambda) - min(nir.lambda) ))

## model fit with scalar response and two functional linear effects
## include no intercept
## as all base-learners are centered around 0
mod2 <- FDboost(heatan ~ bsignal(UVVIS, uvvis.lambda, knots = 40, df = 4, check.ident = FALSE)
+ bsignal(NIR, nir.lambda, knots = 40, df=4, check.ident = FALSE),
timeformula = NULL, data = fuelSubset)
summary(mod2)
## plot(mod2)

###############################################
### data simulation like in manual of pffr::ff

if(require(refund)){

#########
# model with linear functional effect, use bsignal()
# Y(t) = f(t) + \int X1(s)\beta(s,t)ds + eps
set.seed(2121)
data1 <- pffrSim(scenario = "ff", n = 40)
data1$X1 <- scale(data1$X1, scale = FALSE)
dat_list <- as.list(data1)
dat_list$t <- attr(data1, "yindex") dat_list$s <- attr(data1, "xindex")

## model fit by FDboost
m1 <- FDboost(Y ~ 1 + bsignal(x = X1, s = s, knots = 5),
timeformula = ~ bbs(t, knots = 5), data = dat_list,
control = boost_control(mstop = 21))

## search optimal mSTOP
# }
# NOT RUN {
set.seed(123)
cv <- validateFDboost(m1, grid = 1:100) # 21 iterations
# }
# NOT RUN {
## model fit by pffr
t <- attr(data1, "yindex")
s <- attr(data1, "xindex")
m1_pffr <- pffr(Y ~ ff(X1, xind = s), yind = t, data = data1)

# }
# NOT RUN {
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
plot(m1, which = 1); plot(m1, which = 2)
plot(m1_pffr, select = 1, shift = m1_pffr$coefficients["(Intercept)"]) plot(m1_pffr, select = 2) # } # NOT RUN { ############################################ # model with functional historical effect, use bhist() # Y(t) = f(t) + \int_0^t X1(s)\beta(s,t)ds + eps set.seed(2121) mylimits <- function(s, t){ (s < t) | (s == t) } data2 <- pffrSim(scenario = "ff", n = 40, limits = mylimits) data2$X1 <- scale(data2$X1, scale = FALSE) dat2_list <- as.list(data2) dat2_list$t <- attr(data2, "yindex")
dat2_list$s <- attr(data2, "xindex") ## model fit by FDboost m2 <- FDboost(Y ~ 1 + bhist(x = X1, s = s, time = t, knots = 5), timeformula = ~ bbs(t, knots = 5), data = dat2_list, control = boost_control(mstop = 40)) ## search optimal mSTOP # } # NOT RUN { set.seed(123) cv2 <- validateFDboost(m2, grid = 1:100) # 40 iterations # } # NOT RUN { ## model fit by pffr t <- attr(data2, "yindex") s <- attr(data2, "xindex") m2_pffr <- pffr(Y ~ ff(X1, xind = s, limits = "s<=t"), yind = t, data = data2) # } # NOT RUN { par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) plot(m2, which = 1); plot(m2, which = 2) ## plot of smooth intercept does not contain m1_pffr$coefficients["(Intercept)"]
plot(m2_pffr, select = 1, shift = m2_pffr\$coefficients["(Intercept)"])
plot(m2_pffr, select = 2)

# }
# NOT RUN {

}

# }

Documentation reproduced from package FDboost, version 0.3-2, License: GPL-2

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