Trig
Trigonometric Functions
These functions give the obvious trigonometric functions. They respectively compute the cosine, sine, tangent, arc-cosine, arc-sine, arc-tangent, and the two-argument arc-tangent.
cospi(x)
, sinpi(x)
, and tanpi(x)
, compute
cos(pi*x)
, sin(pi*x)
, and tan(pi*x)
.
- Keywords
- math
Usage
cos(x)
sin(x)
tan(x)
acos(x)
asin(x)
atan(x)
atan2(y, x)
cospi(x)
sinpi(x)
tanpi(x)
Arguments
- x, y
- numeric or complex vectors.
Details
The arc-tangent of two arguments atan2(y, x)
returns the angle
between the x-axis and the vector from the origin to $(x, y)$,
i.e., for positive arguments atan2(y, x) == atan(y/x)
.
Angles are in radians, not degrees, for the standard versions (i.e., a
right angle is $\pi/2$), and in half-rotations for
cospi
etc.
cospi(x)
, sinpi(x)
, and tanpi(x)
are accurate
for x
which are multiples of a half.
All except atan2
are internal generic primitive
functions: methods can be defined for them individually or via the
Math
group generic.
Value
tanpi(0.5)
is NaN
. Similarly for other inputs
with fractional part 0.5
.
Complex values
For the inverse trigonometric functions, branch cuts are defined as in
Abramowitz and Stegun, figure 4.4, page 79. For asin
and acos
, there are two cuts, both along
the real axis: $(-Inf, -1]$ and
$[1, Inf)$. For atan
there are two cuts, both along the pure imaginary
axis: $(-1i*Inf, -1i]$ and
$[1i, 1i*Inf)$. The behaviour actually on the cuts follows the C99 standard which
requires continuity coming round the endpoint in a counter-clockwise
direction. Complex arguments for cospi
, sinpi
, and tanpi
are not yet implemented.
S4 methods
All except atan2
are S4 generic functions: methods can be defined
for them individually or via the
Math
group generic.
References
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (1972). Handbook of Mathematical Functions. New York: Dover. Chapter 4. Elementary Transcendental Functions: Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
For cospi
, sinpi
, and tanpi
the draft C11
extension ISO/IEC TS 18661
(http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1785.pdf).
Examples
library(base)
x <- seq(-3, 7, by = 1/8)
tx <- cbind(x, cos(pi*x), cospi(x), sin(pi*x), sinpi(x),
tan(pi*x), tanpi(x), deparse.level=2)
op <- options(digits = 4, width = 90) # for nice formatting
head(tx)
tx[ (x %% 1) %in% c(0, 0.5) ,]
options(op)