Conversion and manipulation of objects of type "raw".
charToRaw(x)
rawToChar(x, multiple = FALSE)rawShift(x, n)
rawToBits(x)
intToBits(x)
packBits(x, type = c("raw", "integer"))
object to be converted or shifted.
logical: should the conversion be to a single character string or multiple individual characters?
the number of bits to shift. Positive numbers shift right
and negative numbers shift left: allowed values are -8 ... 8.
the result type, partially matched.
charToRaw converts a length-one character string to raw bytes.
It does so without taking into account any declared encoding (see
Encoding).
rawToChar converts raw bytes either to a single character
string or a character vector of single bytes (with "" for
0). (Note that a single character string could contain
embedded nuls; only trailing nulls are allowed and will be removed.)
In either case it is possible to create a result which is invalid in a
multibyte locale, e.g.one using UTF-8. Long vectors are
allowed if multiple is true.
rawShift(x, n) shift the bits in x by n positions
to the right, see the argument n, above.
rawToBits returns a raw vector of 8 times the length of a raw
vector with entries 0 or 1. intToBits returns a raw vector
of 32 times the length of an integer vector with entries 0 or 1.
(Non-integral numeric values are truncated to integers.) In
both cases the unpacking is least-significant bit first.
packBits packs its input (using only the lowest bit for raw or
integer vectors) least-significant bit first to a raw or integer vector.
packBits accepts raw, integer or logical inputs, the last two
without any NAs.
Note that ‘bytes’ are not necessarily the same as characters, e.g.in UTF-8 locales.
# NOT RUN {
x <- "A test string"
(y <- charToRaw(x))
is.vector(y) # TRUE
rawToChar(y)
rawToChar(y, multiple = TRUE)
(xx <- c(y, charToRaw("&"), charToRaw("more")))
rawToChar(xx)
rawShift(y, 1)
rawShift(y, -2)
rawToBits(y)
showBits <- function(r) stats::symnum(as.logical(rawToBits(r)))
z <- as.raw(5)
z ; showBits(z)
showBits(rawShift(z, 1)) # shift to right
showBits(rawShift(z, 2))
showBits(z)
showBits(rawShift(z, -1)) # shift to left
showBits(rawShift(z, -2)) # ..
showBits(rawShift(z, -3)) # shifted off entirely
# }