pie
Pie Charts
Draw a pie chart.
- Keywords
- hplot
Usage
pie(x, labels = names(x), edges = 200, radius = 0.8,
clockwise = FALSE, init.angle = if(clockwise) 90 else 0,
density = NULL, angle = 45, col = NULL, border = NULL,
lty = NULL, main = NULL, …)Arguments
- x
a vector of non-negative numerical quantities. The values in
xare displayed as the areas of pie slices.- labels
one or more expressions or character strings giving names for the slices. Other objects are coerced by
as.graphicsAnnot. For empty orNA(after coercion to character) labels, no label nor pointing line is drawn.- edges
the circular outline of the pie is approximated by a polygon with this many edges.
- radius
the pie is drawn centered in a square box whose sides range from \(-1\) to \(1\). If the character strings labeling the slices are long it may be necessary to use a smaller radius.
- clockwise
logical indicating if slices are drawn clockwise or counter clockwise (i.e., mathematically positive direction), the latter is default.
- init.angle
number specifying the starting angle (in degrees) for the slices. Defaults to 0 (i.e., ‘3 o'clock’) unless
clockwiseis true whereinit.angledefaults to 90 (degrees), (i.e., ‘12 o'clock’).- density
the density of shading lines, in lines per inch. The default value of
NULLmeans that no shading lines are drawn. Non-positive values ofdensityalso inhibit the drawing of shading lines.- angle
the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees (counter-clockwise).
- col
a vector of colors to be used in filling or shading the slices. If missing a set of 6 pastel colours is used, unless
densityis specified whenpar("fg")is used.- border, lty
(possibly vectors) arguments passed to
polygonwhich draws each slice.- main
an overall title for the plot.
- …
graphical parameters can be given as arguments to
pie. They will affect the main title and labels only.
Note
Pie charts are a very bad way of displaying information. The eye is good at judging linear measures and bad at judging relative areas. A bar chart or dot chart is a preferable way of displaying this type of data.
Cleveland (1985), page 264: “Data that can be shown by pie charts always can be shown by a dot chart. This means that judgements of position along a common scale can be made instead of the less accurate angle judgements.” This statement is based on the empirical investigations of Cleveland and McGill as well as investigations by perceptual psychologists.
References
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Cleveland, W. S. (1985) The Elements of Graphing Data. Wadsworth: Monterey, CA, USA.
See Also
Examples
library(graphics)
# NOT RUN {
require(grDevices)
pie(rep(1, 24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)
pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)
names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",
"Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")
pie(pie.sales) # default colours
pie(pie.sales, col = c("purple", "violetred1", "green3",
"cornsilk", "cyan", "white"))
pie(pie.sales, col = gray(seq(0.4, 1.0, length = 6)))
pie(pie.sales, density = 10, angle = 15 + 10 * 1:6)
pie(pie.sales, clockwise = TRUE, main = "pie(*, clockwise = TRUE)")
segments(0, 0, 0, 1, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(0, 1, "init.angle = 90", col = "red")
n <- 200
pie(rep(1, n), labels = "", col = rainbow(n), border = NA,
main = "pie(*, labels=\"\", col=rainbow(n), border=NA,..")
## Another case showing pie() is rather fun than science:
## (original by FinalBackwardsGlance on http://imgur.com/gallery/wWrpU4X)
pie(c(Sky = 78, "Sunny side of pyramid" = 17, "Shady side of pyramid" = 5),
init.angle = 315, col = c("deepskyblue", "yellow", "yellow3"), border = FALSE)
# }