# moran.test

0th

Percentile

##### Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation

Moran's test for spatial autocorrelation using a spatial weights matrix in weights list form. The assumptions underlying the test are sensitive to the form of the graph of neighbour relationships and other factors, and results may be checked against those of moran.mc permutations.

Keywords
spatial
##### Usage
moran.test(x, listw, randomisation=TRUE, zero.policy=NULL, alternative="greater", rank = FALSE, na.action=na.fail, spChk=NULL, adjust.n=TRUE)
##### Arguments
x
a numeric vector the same length as the neighbours list in listw
listw
a listw object created for example by nb2listw
randomisation
variance of I calculated under the assumption of randomisation, if FALSE normality
zero.policy
default NULL, use global option value; if TRUE assign zero to the lagged value of zones without neighbours, if FALSE assign NA
alternative
a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis, must be one of greater (default), less or two.sided.
rank
logical value - default FALSE for continuous variables, if TRUE, uses the adaptation of Moran's I for ranks suggested by Cliff and Ord (1981, p. 46)
na.action
a function (default na.fail), can also be na.omit or na.exclude - in these cases the weights list will be subsetted to remove NAs in the data. It may be necessary to set zero.policy to TRUE because this subsetting may create no-neighbour observations. Note that only weights lists created without using the glist argument to nb2listw may be subsetted. If na.pass is used, zero is substituted for NA values in calculating the spatial lag
spChk
should the data vector names be checked against the spatial objects for identity integrity, TRUE, or FALSE, default NULL to use get.spChkOption()
default TRUE, if FALSE the number of observations is not adjusted for no-neighbour observations, if TRUE, the number of observations is adjusted
##### Value

A list with class htest containing the following components:

##### Note

Var(I) is taken from Cliff and Ord (1969, p. 28), and Goodchild's CATMOG 47 (1986), see also Upton & Fingleton (1985) p. 171; it agrees with SpaceStat, see Tutorial workbook Chapter 22; VI is the second crude moment minus the square of the first crude moment. The derivation of the test (Cliff and Ord, 1981, p. 18) assumes that the weights matrix is symmetric. For inherently non-symmetric matrices, such as k-nearest neighbour matrices, listw2U() can be used to make the matrix symmetric.

##### References

Cliff, A. D., Ord, J. K. 1981 Spatial processes, Pion, p. 21.

moran, moran.mc, listw2U

• moran.test
##### Examples
data(oldcol)
coords.OLD <- cbind(COL.OLD$X, COL.OLD$Y)
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W")) moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="B"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="C")) moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="S"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), randomisation=FALSE) colold.lags <- nblag(COL.nb, 3) moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(colold.lags[[2]],
style="W"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(colold.lags[[3]], style="W")) print(is.symmetric.nb(COL.nb)) COL.k4.nb <- knn2nb(knearneigh(coords.OLD, 4)) print(is.symmetric.nb(COL.k4.nb)) moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.k4.nb, style="W"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.k4.nb, style="W"), randomisation=FALSE) cat("Note: non-symmetric weights matrix, use listw2U()") moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, listw2U(nb2listw(COL.k4.nb,
style="W")))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, listw2U(nb2listw(COL.k4.nb, style="W")), randomisation=FALSE) ranks <- rank(COL.OLD$CRIME)
names(ranks) <- rownames(COL.OLD)
moran.test(ranks, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), rank=TRUE)
crime <- COL.OLD\$CRIME
is.na(crime) <- sample(1:length(crime), 10)
res <- try(moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"),
na.action=na.fail))
res
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), zero.policy=TRUE,
na.action=na.omit)
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), zero.policy=TRUE,
na.action=na.exclude)
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), na.action=na.pass)

Documentation reproduced from package spdep, version 0.6-9, License: GPL (>= 2)

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