Learn R Programming

terra (version 1.9-25)

Spatial Data Analysis

Description

Methods for spatial data analysis with vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid) data. Methods for vector data include geometric operations such as intersect and buffer. Raster methods include local, focal, global, zonal and geometric operations. The predict and interpolate methods facilitate the use of regression type (interpolation, machine learning) models for spatial prediction, including with satellite remote sensing data. Processing of very large files is supported. See the manual and tutorials on to get started.

Copy Link

Version

Install

install.packages('terra')

Monthly Downloads

222,230

Version

1.9-25

License

GPL (>= 3)

Homepage

https://rspatial.org/

Maintainer

Robert Hijmans

Last Published

May 6th, 2026

Functions in terra (1.9-25)

Layers representing colors

Add noise to (jitter) a SpatVector of points

Adjacent cells or polygons

Estimate values for cell values that are NA by interpolating between layers

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector, or SpatExtent objects for equality

Apply a function to the cells of a SpatRaster

Aggregate raster or vector data

Conversion to a SpatVector of lines

autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation

Coerce to a "raster" object

Two argument arc-tangent

Bar plot of a SpatRaster

Coerce a Spat* object to a list

Create a text representation of (the skeleton of) an object

SpatRaster or SpatVector to data.frame

Align a SpatExtent

Conversion to a SpatVector of polygons

Conversion to a SpatVector of points

Combine SpatRaster or SpatVector objects

Create a buffer around vector geometries or raster patches

Box plot of SpatRaster data

Detect boundaries (edges)

Factors to numeric

Area covered by each raster cell

Get cell numbers

Query by clicking on a map

Classify (or reclassify) cell values

Combine geometries

Cut out a geographic subset

Replace values with values from another object

Concatenate categorical rasters

depth of SpatRaster layers

Make a SpatRaster method memory-safe

tighten SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset objects

Coercion to vector, matrix or array

Convex, concave, rectangular and circular hulls

Add additional nodes to lines or polygons

Get the coordinates of SpatVector geometries or SpatRaster cells

Dimensions of a SpatRaster or SpatVector and related objects

Lagged differences

Get the expanse (area) of individual polygons or for all (summed) raster cells

Create, get or set a SpatExtent

Make a dot-density map

flowAccumulation

Flow accumulation

Get or set a coordinate reference system

Draw a polygon, line, extent, or points

Data type of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Disaggregate raster cells or vector geometries

Remove or extract holes from polygons, or fill holes in raster data

Geographic distance

Categorical rasters

force counter-clockwise polygons

Frequency table

global statistics

Subdivide a raster or polygons

Erase parts of a SpatVector object

Extract values from a SpatRaster

Create a graticule

Compute focal values with an iterating C++ function

Three-dimensional focal values

Focal weights matrix

Focal function across two layers

Flip or reverse a raster

Fill time gaps in a SpatRaster

Nearest neighbor interpolation

Interpolate points using a moving window

add a grid to a map made with terra

Add halo-ed text to a plot

Find gaps between polygons

GDAL version, supported file formats, cache size, and PROJ coordinate transformation control

Distance on a grid

Spatial interpolation

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent objects for equality

Correlation and (weighted) covariance

head and tail of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

add a custom legend

Is a SpatRaster is flipped

Check for longitude/latitude crs

ifelse for SpatRasters

Initialize a SpatRaster with values

clamp time series data

Compare-methods

Compare and logical methods

Impose the geometry of a SpatRaster to those in a SpatRasterCollection.

Focal regression

Compare geometries

deprecated methods

Apply a function to layers of a SpatRaster, or sub-datasets of a SpatRasterDataset

extract values along lines

SpatRaster image method

Raster value types

Get focal values

Extract values for a range of layers from a SpatRaster

Check if a SpatExtent or SpatVector is empty

Linear units of the coordinate reference system

Add a continuous legend

Get the geometry (coordinates) of a SpatVector

color palettes for mapping

Set or get metadata

Mask values in a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Get or compute the minimum and maximum cell values

Geometry type of a SpatVector

merge SpatRasters by timelines to create a single timeseries

Plot with leaflet

Change values in-place

Make an inset map

Rasterize geometric properties of vector data

Replace with $<-

Detect patches (clumps) of cells

Perimeter or length

Rasterize points with a moving window

Pit Finder in a Flow Dir SpatRaster for Watershed Extraction

Perspective plot

Check or fix polygon or extent validity

Combine row, column, and layer numbers

Check for rotation

Make a VRT header file

Rotate data along longitude

Make tiles or get their extents

Add points, lines, or polygons to a map

Read from, or write to, file

Memory available and needed

row/col sums and means for SpatRaster

Spatial selection

Replace layers or variables

Get the coordinates of the extent of a map

Pairs plot (matrix of scatterplots)

Merge SpatRasters, or merge a SpatVector with a data.frame

Names of Spat* objects

Find and remove geometries that are NA

Value matching for SpatRasters

General mathematical methods

Compare coordinate reference systems

nearby geometries

mosaic SpatRasters

Number of segments

Scale (gain) and offset

Take a regular sample

Plot a graticule

Scatterplot of two SpatRaster layers

Red-Green-Blue plot of a multi-layered SpatRaster

Spatial model predictions

Rectify a SpatRaster

select cells with high or low values

Cell level regression

Quantiles of spatial data

Query a SpatVectorProxy object

normalize.longitude

normalize vector data that crosses the dateline

SpatRaster PCA with prcomp

Compute surface area from elevation data

spin a SpatVector

Plot a SpatExtent

Split a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Apply a terra function that takes only a single layer and returns a SpatRaster to all layers of a SpatRaster

Create a SpatRasterDataset

SpatRaster PCA with princomp

Fill layers with a range

Find CRS transformation pipelines

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Rasterize vector data

Create a SpatRaster

Sort a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Data sources of a SpatRaster

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Set the values of raster cells or of geometry attributes

Extract values from a SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent

Subset geometries by minimum distance

Change the coordinate reference system

Replace values of a SpatRaster

Transfer values of a SpatRaster to another one with a different geometry

Scale values linearly

Apply a function to subsets of layers of a SpatRaster

Symmetrical difference

terrain characteristics

Description of the methods in the terra package

Spatial relationships between geometries

Create a SpatVectorCollection

Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangles

Update a raster file

units of SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataSet

filenames of VRT tiles

Create a SpatRasterCollection

Cell values and geometry attributes

Replicate layers

Temporary files

replace cell values

Compute warp resampling scale

Read all cell values into memory

Where are the cells with the min or max values?

Zoom in on a map

Which cells are TRUE?

Zonal statistics

Virtual Raster Dataset

variable and long variable names

SpatVector geometric properties

Rolling (moving) functions

Create SpatVector objects

Parallelize a SpatRaster function

Select the values of a range of layers, as specified by cell values in another SpatRaster

saveRDS and serialize for SpatVector and SpatRaster*

wrap and unwrap

SpatRaster wrap with caching options

time of SpatRaster layers

Catchment delineation

Trim a SpatRaster

Union SpatVector or SpatExtent objects

simplifyGeom geometries

Add labels to a map

Vector topology methods

Create a tesselation

Weighted mean of layers

Coordinates from a row, column or cell number and vice versa

Get or set single values of an extent

Write raster data to a NetCDF file

Apply a function to the cells of two SpatRasters

Write SpatVector data to a file

Write raster data to a file

List or remove layers from a vector file

Compute a viewshed

Active category

Add (in place) a SpatRaster to another SpatRaster or to a SpatRasterDataset or SpatRasterCollection

add a margin text

Number of immediate adjacent cells flowing into each cell

add vertical and/or horizontal lines to a map made with terra

Set the NA flag

SpatRaster-class

SpatRaster class

SpatExtent-class

Class "SpatExtent"

SpatVector-class

Class "SpatVector"