RDocumentation
Moon
Learn R
Search all packages and functions
⚠️
There's a newer version (3.6.2) of this package.
Take me there.
base (version 3.4.1)
The R Base Package
Description
Base R functions.
Copy Link
Copy
Link to current version
Version
Version
3.6.2
3.6.1
3.6.0
3.5.3
3.5.2
3.5.1
3.5.0
3.4.3
3.4.1
3.4.0
3.3.3
3.3.2
3.3.1
3.3.0
3.3
3.2.5
3.2.4
3.2.3
3.2.2
3.2.1
3.2.0
3.1.3
3.1.1
3.1.0
3.0.3
Down Chevron
Version
3.4.1
License
Part of R 3.4.1
Maintainer
R-core R-core@R-project.org
Last Published
January 1st, 1970
Functions in base (3.4.1)
Search functions
Colon
Colon Operator
Comparison
Relational Operators
Constants
Built-in Constants
Control
Control Flow
Arithmetic
Arithmetic Operators
AsIs
Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
Cstack_info
Report Information on C Stack Size and Usage
DateTimeClasses
Date-Time Classes
Bessel
Bessel Functions
CallExternal
Modern Interfaces to C/C++ code
Deprecated
Marking Objects as Deprecated
Extract.data.frame
Extract or Replace Parts of a Data Frame
Dates
Date Class
Defunct
Marking Objects as Defunct
Foreign
Foreign Function Interface
Hyperbolic
Hyperbolic Functions
Encoding
Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
InternalMethods
Internal Generic Functions
La_library
LAPACK Library
LongVectors
Long Vectors
Extremes
Maxima and Minima
Foreign-internal
Internal Versions of the Foreign Function Interface
La_version
LAPACK Version
Last.value
Value of Last Evaluated Expression
NA
‘Not Available’ / Missing Values
NULL
The Null Object
Reserved
Reserved Words in R
Rhome
Return the R Home Directory
Paren
Parentheses and Braces
.Platform
Platform Specific Variables
RdUtils
Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Recall
Recursive Calling
Sys.glob
Wildcard Expansion on File Paths
Sys.info
Extract System and User Information
R.Version
Version Information
abbreviate
Abbreviate Strings
Sys.getenv
Get Environment Variables
Sys.getpid
Get the Process ID of the R Session
Sys.which
Find Full Paths to Executables
MathFun
Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
Random.user
User-supplied Random Number Generation
Random
Random Number Generation
Sys.setFileTime
Set File Time
Extract.factor
Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
ISOdatetime
Date-time Conversion Functions from Numeric Representations
Internal
Call an Internal Function
NumericConstants
Numeric Constants
Trig
Trigonometric Functions
Ops.Date
Operators on the Date Class
Round
Rounding of Numbers
Special
Special Functions of Mathematics
Startup
Initialization at Start of an R Session
Syntax
Operator Syntax and Precedence
UseMethod
Class Methods
Vectorize
Vectorize a Scalar Function
all.equal
Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
all.names
Find All Names in an Expression
autoload
On-demand Loading of Packages
backsolve
Solve an Upper or Lower Triangular System
append
Vector Merging
apply
Apply Functions Over Array Margins
as.data.frame
Coerce to a Data Frame
as.environment
Coerce to an Environment Object
EnvVar
Environment Variables
Extract
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
log
Logarithms and Exponentials
Logic
Logical Operators
Sys.setenv
Set or Unset Environment Variables
agrep
Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)
all
Are All Values True?
args
Argument List of a Function
basename
Manipulate File Paths
.bincode
Bin a Numeric Vector
browser
Environment Browser
browserText
Functions to Retrieve Values Supplied by Calls to the Browser
base-internal
Internal Objects in Package
base
base-package
The R Base Package
builtins
Returns the Names of All Built-in Objects
by
Apply a Function to a Data Frame Split by Factors
charmatch
Partial String Matching
chartr
Character Translation and Casefolding
conditions
Condition Handling and Recovery
array
Multi-way Arrays
attr
Object Attributes
attributes
Object Attribute Lists
base-defunct
Defunct Functions in Package
base
conflicts
Search for Masked Objects on the Search Path
data.class
Object Classes
data.frame
Data Frames
debug
Debug a Function
Memory-limits
Memory Limits in R
Memory
Memory Available for Data Storage
Primitive
Look Up a Primitive Function
Quotes
Quotes
base-deprecated
Deprecated Functions in Package
base
callCC
Call With Current Continuation
capabilities
Report Capabilities of this Build of R
col
Column Indexes
colSums
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
connections
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
contributors
R Project Contributors
date
System Date and Time
delayedAssign
Delay Evaluation
double
Double-Precision Vectors
dput
Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
dyn.load
Foreign Function Interface
eapply
Apply a Function Over Values in an Environment
files
File Manipulation
files2
Manipulaton of Directories and File Permissions
force
Force Evaluation of an Argument
as.Date
Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
as.POSIX*
Date-time Conversion Functions
as.function
Convert Object to Function
dcf
Read and Write Data in DCF Format
.Device
Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
diag
Matrix Diagonals
Sys.localeconv
Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
Sys.readlink
Read File Symbolic Links
Sys.sleep
Suspend Execution for a Time Interval
Sys.time
Get Current Date and Time
chol2inv
Inverse from Choleski (or QR) Decomposition
class
Object Classes
row+colnames
Row and Column Names
commandArgs
Extract Command Line Arguments
any
Are Some Values True?
aperm
Array Transposition
assignOps
Assignment Operators
attach
Attach Set of R Objects to Search Path
cut.POSIXt
Convert a Date or Date-Time Object to a Factor
cut
Convert Numeric to Factor
deparse
Expression Deparsing
deparseOpts
Options for Expression Deparsing
drop
Drop Redundant Extent Information
droplevels
Drop Unused Levels from Factors
expression
Unevaluated Expressions
extSoftVersion
Report Versions of Third-Party Software
assign
Assign a Value to a Name
bindenv
Binding and Environment Locking, Active Bindings
bitwise
Bitwise Logical Operations
cbind
Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
chkDots
Warn About Extraneous Arguments in the "..." of Its Caller
chol
The Choleski Decomposition
copyright
Copyrights of Files Used to Build R
file.choose
Choose a File Interactively
file.info
Extract File Information
formals
Access to and Manipulation of the Formal Arguments
format
Encode in a Common Format
cat
Concatenate and Print
getCallingDLL
Compute DLL for Native Interface Call
getDLLRegisteredRoutines
Reflectance Information for C/Fortran routines in a DLL
hexmode
Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
iconv
Convert Character Vector between Encodings
do.call
Execute a Function Call
dontCheck
Identity Function to Suppress Checking
environment
Environment Access
eval
Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
forceAndCall
Call a function with Some Arguments Forced
gc
Garbage Collection
gc.time
Report Time Spent in Garbage Collection
icuSetCollate
Setup Collation by ICU
body
Access to and Manipulation of the Body of a Function
bquote
Partial substitution in expressions
c
Combine Values into a Vector or List
call
Function Calls
identical
Test Objects for Exact Equality
identity
Identity Function
ifelse
Conditional Element Selection
jitter
‘Jitter’ (Add Noise) to Numbers
is.finite
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
is.function
Is an Object of Type (Primitive) Function?
is.unsorted
Test if an Object is Not Sorted
is.R
Are we using R, rather than S?
file.path
Construct Path to File
file.show
Display One or More Text Files
format.info
format(.) Information
format.pval
Format P Values
kappa
Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
labels
Find Labels from Object
lapply
Apply a Function over a List or Vector
libPaths
Search Paths for Packages
libcurlVersion
Report Version of libcurl
logical
Logical Vectors
lower.tri
Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
char.expand
Expand a String with Respect to a Target Table
character
Character Vectors
comment
Query or Set a
"comment"
Attribute
complex
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
crossprod
Matrix Crossproduct
data.matrix
Convert a Data Frame to a Numeric Matrix
dataframeHelpers
Data Frame Auxiliary Functions
diff
Lagged Differences
getLoadedDLLs
Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
getNativeSymbolInfo
Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
grouping
Grouping Permutation
cumsum
Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
curlGetHeaders
Retrieve Headers from URLs
det
Calculate the Determinant of a Matrix
match
Value Matching
match.arg
Argument Verification Using Partial Matching
maxCol
Find Maximum Position in Matrix
mean
Arithmetic Mean
NotYet
Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
nrow
The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
options
Options Settings
license
The R License Terms
list
Lists -- Generic and Dotted Pairs
make.unique
Make Character Strings Unique
mapply
Apply a Function to Multiple List or Vector Arguments
detach
Detach Objects from the Search Path
dim
Dimensions of an Object
dimnames
Dimnames of an Object
exists
Is an Object Defined?
expand.grid
Create a Data Frame from All Combinations of Factor Variables
factor
Factors
file.access
Ascertain File Accessibility
function
Function Definition
funprog
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
gettext
Translate Text Messages
getwd
Get or Set Working Directory
grepRaw
Pattern Matching for Raw Vectors
groupGeneric
S3 Group Generic Functions
integer
Integer Vectors
interaction
Compute Factor Interactions
is.recursive
Is an Object Atomic or Recursive?
order
Ordering Permutation
pcre_config
Report Configuration Options for PCRE
pmatch
Partial String Matching
prmatrix
Print Matrices, Old-style
proc.time
Running Time of R
range
Range of Values
rank
Sample Ranks
replace
Replace Values in a Vector
is.single
Is an Object of Single Precision Type?
lazyLoad
Lazy Load a Database of R Objects
length
Length of an Object
list.files
List the Files in a Directory/Folder
gzcon
(De)compress I/O Through Connections
interactive
Is R Running Interactively?
invisible
Change the Print Mode to Invisible
rev
Reverse Elements
row.names
Get and Set Row Names for Data Frames
rowsum
Give Column Sums of a Matrix or Data Frame, Based on a Grouping Variable
setTimeLimit
Set CPU and/or Elapsed Time Limits
list2env
From A List, Build or Add To an Environment
margin.table
Compute table margin
mat.or.vec
Create a Matrix or a Vector
missing
Does a Formal Argument have a Value?
kronecker
Kronecker Products on Arrays
difftime
Time Intervals / Differences
dump
Text Representations of R Objects
duplicated
Determine Duplicate Elements
eigen
Spectral Decomposition of a Matrix
mode
The (Storage) Mode of an Object
nlevels
The Number of Levels of a Factor
noquote
Class for ‘no quote’ Printing of Character Strings
ns-internals
Namespace Internals
encodeString
Encode Character Vector as for Printing
find.package
Find Packages
findInterval
Find Interval Numbers or Indices
formatDL
Format Description Lists
l10n_info
Localization Information
library
Loading/Attaching and Listing of Packages
library.dynam
Loading DLLs from Packages
name
Names and Symbols
names
The Names of an Object
nargs
The Number of Arguments to a Function
load
Reload Saved Datasets
locales
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
match.call
Argument Matching
ns-load
Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
paste
Concatenate Strings
path.expand
Expand File Paths
QR.Auxiliaries
Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
quit
Terminate an R Session
readLines
Read Text Lines from a Connection
readRDS
Serialization Interface for Single Objects
regmatches
Extract or Replace Matched Substrings
nchar
Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)
ns-reflect.Rd
Namespace Reflection Support
ns-topenv
Top Level Environment
outer
Outer Product of Arrays
match.fun
Extract a Function Specified by Name
memCompress
In-memory Compression and Decompression
memory.profile
Profile the Usage of Cons Cells
norm
Compute the Norm of a Matrix
normalizePath
Express File Paths in Canonical Form
numeric
Numeric Vectors
numeric_version
Numeric Versions
pretty
Pretty Breakpoints
print
Print Values
prod
Product of Vector Elements
formatC
Formatting Using C-style Formats
gctorture
Torture Garbage Collector
get
Return the Value of a Named Object
gl
Generate Factor Levels
prop.table
Express Table Entries as Fraction of Marginal Table
readBin
Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
readChar
Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
readRenviron
Set Environment Variables from a File
grep
Pattern Matching and Replacement
is.language
Is an Object a Language Object?
is.object
Is an Object ‘internally classed’?
isS4
Test for an S4 object
parse
Parse Expressions
print.data.frame
Printing Data Frames
print.default
Default Printing
rapply
Recursively Apply a Function to a List
raw
Raw Vectors
reg.finalizer
Finalization of Objects
regex
Regular Expressions as used in R
sQuote
Quote Text
sets
Set Operations
sort
Sorting or Ordering Vectors
source
Read R Code from a File, a Connection or Expressions
srcfile
References to Source Files and Code
sample
Random Samples and Permutations
seek
Functions to Reposition Connections
seq.Date
Generate Regular Sequences of Dates
rep
Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
save
Save R Objects
scale
Scaling and Centering of Matrix-like Objects
shQuote
Quote Strings for Use in OS Shells
isSymmetric
Test if a Matrix or other Object is Symmetric (Hermitian)
lengths
Lengths of List or Vector Elements
levels
Levels Attributes
ls
List Objects
make.names
Make Syntactically Valid Names
matmult
Matrix Multiplication
matrix
Matrices
merge
Merge Two Data Frames
standardGeneric
Formal Method System -- Dispatching S4 Methods
substr
Substrings of a Character Vector
sum
Sum of Vector Elements
system
Invoke a System Command
message
Diagnostic Messages
ns-dblcolon
Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
ns-hooks
Hooks for Namespace Events
octmode
Display Numbers in Octal
split
Divide into Groups and Reassemble
strrep
Repeat the Elements of a Character Vector
strsplit
Split the Elements of a Character Vector
showConnections
Display Connections
socketSelect
Wait on Socket Connections
solve
Solve a System of Equations
startsWith
Does String Start or End With Another String?
stop
Stop Function Execution
structure
Attribute Specification
strwrap
Wrap Character Strings to Format Paragraphs
sprintf
Use C-style String Formatting Commands
readline
Read a Line from the Terminal
round.POSIXt
Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
row
Row Indexes
sequence
Create A Vector of Sequences
subset
Subsetting Vectors, Matrices and Data Frames
substitute
Substituting and Quoting Expressions
t
Matrix Transpose
table
Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
textConnection
Text Connections
tilde
Tilde Operator
typeof
The Type of an Object
unique
Extract Unique Elements
system.file
Find Names of R System Files
taskCallbackNames
Query the Names of the Current Internal Top-Level Task Callbacks
tempfile
Create Names for Temporary Files
trimws
Remove Leading/Trailing Whitespace
serialize
Simple Serialization Interface
slice.index
Slice Indexes in an Array
slotOp
Extract or Replace A Slot
stopifnot
Ensure the Truth of R Expressions
try
Try an Expression Allowing Error Recovery
validUTF8
Check if a Character Vector is Validly Encoded
vector
Vectors
withVisible
Return both a Value and its Visibility
which.min
Where is the Min() or Max() or first TRUE or FALSE ?
shell
Invoke a System Command, using a Shell
zapsmall
Rounding of Numbers
zpackages
Listing of Packages
strptime
Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
sweep
Sweep out Array Summaries
switch
Select One of a List of Alternatives
system.time
CPU Time Used
write
Write Data to a File
tabulate
Tabulation for Vectors
tapply
Apply a Function Over a Ragged Array
trace
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
traceback
Get and Print Call Stacks
system2
Invoke a System Command
timezones
Time Zones
toString
Convert an R Object to a Character String
unlist
Flatten Lists
Signals
Interrupting Execution of R
unlink
Delete Files and Directories
weekdays
Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
which
Which indices are TRUE?
unname
Remove
names
or
dimnames
warning
Warning Messages
warnings
Print Warning Messages
.Machine
Numerical Characteristics of the Machine
on.exit
Function Exit Code
polyroot
Find Zeros of a Real or Complex Polynomial
pos.to.env
Convert Positions in the Search Path to Environments
pushBack
Push Text Back on to a Connection
qr
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
rawConnection
Raw Connections
rawConversion
Convert to or from Raw Vectors
rle
Run Length Encoding
.Script
Scripting Language Interface
zutils
Miscellaneous Internal/Programming Utilities
remove
Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
scan
Read Data Values
search
Give Search Path for R Objects
seq.POSIXt
Generate Regular Sequences of Times
seq
Sequence Generation
writeLines
Write Lines to a Connection
xtfrm
Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
sign
Sign Function
sink
Send R Output to a File
strtoi
Convert Strings to Integers
strtrim
Trim Character Strings to Specified Display Widths
summary
Object Summaries
svd
Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
sys.parent
Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.source
Parse and Evaluate Expressions from a File
taskCallback
Add or Remove a Top-Level Task Callback
taskCallbackManager
Create an R-level Task Callback Manager
tracemem
Trace Copying of Objects
transform
Transform an Object, for Example a Data Frame
userhooks
Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
utf8Conversion
Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
shell.exec
Open a File or URL using Windows File Associations
with
Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment